Describe how your body responds to an infection. - correct answerT cells produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce
... [Show More] antibodies.
Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. - correct answerMutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities
How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? - correct answerAlterations of DNA
Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. - correct answer(ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias.
Explain RAAS - correct answerRenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
> produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II > vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water > Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained.
DKA - correct answerincreased anion gap, decreased HCO3
How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis - correct answerretain H and excrete HCO3
Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? - correct answerPotassium
West Nile Virus - correct answerTransmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck
Lyme disease - correct answerTick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
Erythema infectiosum - correct answera febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease"
Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____. - correct answerSpina bifida
Trousseau's sign - correct answerarm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia
Cause and sign of spina bifida - correct answerresults from failure of neural tube to close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back.
hemophilia is more common in - correct answermales
Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes - correct answerND-PAE, decreased brain function, FAS
Connective vs muscle tissue disorders - correct answerConnective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus
Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia
Describe Lupus - correct answerInflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain and butterfly rash
Describe Myasthenia Gravis - correct answerIt is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing.
dermatitis - correct answerinflammation of the skin
eczema - correct answernoninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching
decubitus ulcer - correct answersore caused by lying down for long periods of time
Fungal infections - correct answersuperficial, localized skin conditions or deep tissue infections caused by exposure to spores
may or may not be transmitted
benign neoplasm - correct answernoncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders
malignant neoplasm - correct answeruncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular borders, spreads
Osteoporosis - correct answerThe loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.
osteomalacia - correct answerdisease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
myoglobin - correct answerred pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells
Bursa - correct answerfluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
Rickets - correct answera vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones
Degenerative disk disease - correct answerA condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging
Paget disease - correct answerChronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull
communiuted fracture - correct answersplintered into many pieces
Three types of skin cancer - correct answer1. Basal cell carcinoma
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
3. Melanoma
basal cell carcinoma - correct answerMost common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on face due to sun exposure
squamous cell carcinoma - correct answerType of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm nodules.
Melanoma - correct answerThe most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at highest risk, usually black or brown lesion
consequences when integumentary system is disrupted - correct answerimpaired immunity
types of burns - correct answerSuperficial (1st degree) - red/painful
Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet/pink/painful
Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white/swollen/no pain
Viltigo - correct answerlocalized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA - correct answerischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood
subdural hematoma - correct answercollection of blood under the dura mater
Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease - correct answerAlz - affects language and memory
Park - affects all executive functioning
Huntington's disease - correct answerGenetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement
Sclerosis - correct answerabnormal condition of hardening
disorders that cause vision loss - correct answerglaucoma - loss of pheripheral vision, cataracts - cloudy vision, retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision
kyphosis - correct answerexcessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.
disorders that cause hearing loss - correct answerMeniere's disease - changes in fluid in tube of inner ear (imbalance and vertigo), Otitis media - middle ear infection
Predisposing factors of ischemic stroke - correct answera fib, carotid stenosis, cerebral arteriosclerosis
rheumatoid arthritis - correct answerA chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. Causes elevated WBC counts.
cerebral contusion - correct answerthe bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull; symptoms: ringing in ears, severe headache, n/v.
TIA vs CVA - correct answerTIA =
-result when a cerebral artery is temp blocked and decreases blood flow to brain
Stroke= artery completely blocked
leading to death of brain and permanent loss of certain functions
multiple sclerosis - correct answerA chronic, irreversible disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech
aneurysm - correct answerballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
thrombus vs embolus - correct answerThrombus = clot in arteries
embolus = dislodged traveling clot in arteries, blocks blood flow
Artherosclerosis - correct answerHardening and narrowing of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol plaques
1.endothelial injury
2.foam cell formation
3.fatty streak formation
angina pectoris - correct answerchest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
myocardial infarction - correct answerthe occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)
endocaritis - correct answerinflammation of the inner lining of the heart
peridcarditis - correct answerinflammation of the pericardium (sack surrounding heart)
benign vs malignant hypertension - correct answerbenign - "essential hypertension", chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention.
malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release
communicable disease - correct answerA disease that can be spread from one person or species to another.
infectious disease - correct answerA disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.
myocardial infarction causes damage to - correct answerarteries of : brain, retina, heart, kidneys.
what is expected in right sided heart falure - correct answerJVD
what characterizes hypertensive crisis - correct answersystolic BP > 180
types of anemia - correct answer- Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC production)
- Iron Deficiency
- Folic Acid Deficiency
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious
- Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced)
- Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs)
Where does cancer originate from in leukemia? - correct answerbone marrow
CD4 cells - correct answerHelper T cells that mature in thymus that active B cells to create immunity
Hodgkin's lymphoma - correct answerdistinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
Lymphocytosis - correct answerabnormal increase in lymphocytes, asymptomatic
Stable angina - correct answerpredictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin
Upper respiratory tract infection - correct answercommon cold, laryngitis, croup, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis
lower respiratory tract infection - correct answerpneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis
conditions that lead to COPD - correct answersmoking, asthma, dust, chemicals, genetics
pnemonia - correct answeran inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals. Hear crackles and rhonchi.
Asthma - correct answertreatment resistant bronchospasm, same category of COPD
pneumothorax - correct answerair in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
cor pulmonale - correct answerright-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease
Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis - correct answerCarbon dust, seen in coal miners. Massive exposure leads to diffuse fibrosis('black lung')
common characteristics of chronic digestive system disorders - correct answer(Celiac, Chron's, Colitis...) Abdominal pain, weight loss, changes in urination/bowel movements, bleeding, diarrhea, n/v....
common characteristics of acute digestive system disorders - correct answer(GERD, IBS, Hiatal hernia...) Abd pain, bleeding, bloating, diarrhea, heartburn, n/v
pyelonephritis - correct answerInflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection (commonly E. Coli)
glomerulonephritis - correct answerinflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys from injury or illness
renal calculi (kidney stones) - correct answer-Minerals in urine crystallize
-Most can pass, but some become too big and obstruct a ureter
renal cell carcinoma - correct answercancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; flank pain, hematuria, abd lump
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) - correct answerany type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival. Symptoms: n/v, fatigue, change in urination, chest pain, HTN, AMS [Show Less]