Which types of tissue most often develop tumors?
Epithelial and connective tissues
Papilloma
A wart
Lipoma
Begins in fatty
... [Show More] tissue
Myoma
Fibroid
Chondroma
Benign tumor of cartilage cells
What are sarcomas?
They are tumors that can be found anywhere and begin in connective tissue
What are the early signs of lymphoma
Fevers and night sweats
What is radiation therapy
When seeds are implanted into a malignant prostate and then irradiated, this is called radiation therapy. This is used to reduce damage to healthy tissue
What is a vesicle?
Small fluid filled elevation of skin (e.g. blister)
What is a pustule?
elevation of the skin containing white blood cells and cell debris
What is a macule?
A spot that is not raised or depressed. (such as a freckle)
What is a papule?
A firm raised area of the skin (such as a pimple)
What is an excoriation?
scratch in the skin
Laceration
Rough jagged wound
Fissure
Crack in the skin
Ulcer
Sore with disintegration and death of affected tissue
Superficial burn
involves the epidermal layer of the skin
Superficial partial thickness burn
appears with blisters and pain at the burn site
What are shingles and how are they treated
Shingles are painful vesicular lesions caused by varicella. The normal treatment is antiviral medications and costicosteroids to decrease pain.
What is Tissue destruction involving only the epidermal layer of the skin
superficial.
What are two signs of allergic skin reactions
Pruritus (itching) and urticarial (hives)
What are three autoimmune diseases involving the skin?
Pemphigus, scleroderma and lupus erythematosus are all autoimmuse diseases involving the skin.
Damage to what can disturb equilibrium?
Semicircular canals in the ear
How can otitis media be prevented?
By placing a myingotomy tube in the ear
What results in progressive hearing loss?
Presbycusis
What can alleviate age-related hearing loss?
Speaking in clear, low-pitched tones
What are treatment of joint disorders
FALK (fixation of screws, arthrocentesis, laproscopic repairs, kyoplasty)
(GROS) Gout (type of arthritis)
higher levels of uric acid form crystals that accumulate in the joints, causing pain and inflammation.
Septic arthritis
May result from an invasive procedure; invading organisms are usually carried to the joint by the blood stream.
Osteoarthritis
most often in weight-bearing joints, like hips and knees; may be the results of aging and repeated trauma.
Rheumatoid arthritis
inflammation and overgrowth of synovial fluid causes severe pain; joints stiffen and become useless.
What is mysathenia gravis?
chronic muscular fatigue caused by defect at the neuromuscular junction.
How is GERD treated?
Antacids and using medication that decreases the production of HCL
What characterizes chronic pancreatitis
Severe pain and blood test shows elevated serum amylase. Pancreatitis impacts the digestive process by leading to enzyme imbalances
How do you test for viral hepatitis
Testing blood serology
What is required for blood clotting?
Vitamin K
What type of reaction would arise if a RH negative patient experiences a second exposure to RH positive blood?
An Antigen-antibody reaction could arise if a Rh negative patient experiences a second exposure to Rh positive blood
What are blood diseases
(HALT) Hemophilia (bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of a clotting factor), Aplastic anemia (bone mare failure decreased red cell production), Leukemia (increase in WBC), Thalassemia (hereditary disorders causing impaired hemglobin synthesis)
What are three recommendations for the treatment of hypertension?
• Diet modification
• Prescribed diuretics
• Exercise on a regular basis
What does H. pylori cause?
Gastrointestinal disorder called peptic ulcer
What is shock
Confusion, anxiety, hypertension
What is atrophy
Decrease in the size of a muscle due to disuese
Strain
tearing or overstretching of a tendon or a muscle.
Sprain
tearing or stretching of a ligament surrounding a joint that usually follows a sharp twist.
What is muscular dystrophy
Deterioration of muscles that have intact nerve function
What are strong, painful muscle contractions
cramps
How do you describe shoulder joint dislocation
Acuetly painful in the arm and chest area and often results in the arm being longer than the mate
What might cause abdominal pain and elevated bilirubin?
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Amylase
Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches
Lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
Trypsin
an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine
Nucleases
Enzymes that break down nucleic acids
How can hepatitis be diagnosed
serology and serum chemistry are used for diagnosis
What are two signs of hepatitis
Jaundice and loss of appetite are two signs of hepatitis
What two diseases may require blood trasnfusions
Leukemia and pernicious anemia
If a mothers RH is negative and fathers RH is positive then what may result
RH incompatibility
What directly impairs the delivery of oxygen to body tissues
Is an effect of anemia
What inhibits coagulation of the blood
Vitamin K deficiency
What are characterized by pain and swelling, warmth and redness around the site or location and is typically diagnosed by an ultrasound or MRI.
Thrombosis or blood clots
What do calcium-channel blockers do?
help to control hypertension by inhibiting calcium ions from entering cardiac muscle cells.
How are epidemics defined
Epidemics are defined by age, gender, heredity, living conditions, social habits and preexisting illnesses.
What are treatments for frequent otitis media and chronic sore throat?
Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
What are three pathological responses of the lymphatic system
elephantiasis, splenomegaly, and infectious mononucleosis
What has the best survival rates for multiple myeloma
Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant have the best survival rates
What do self antigens trigger
autoimmune hypersensitivity triggers those
How are myocardial infarctions diagnosed?
ECG readings, troponin levels, and creatine kinase levels.
Increased blood flow does what
Backups up into pulmonary circulation and causes shortness of breath
How can Atherosclerosis be diagnosed
by a lab test known as CRP.
What are signs of congestive heart failure
increased fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema of extremities.
What can be exemplified by frequent fainting, low blood pressure and low body temperature.
hypotension
What is a cause of lower extermity edemy and elevated blood pressure
Renin
Kussmaul respirations
Deep, rapid breathing; usually the result of an accumulation of certain acids when insulin is not available in the body.
Hyperapnea
abnormally rapid deep breathing
Dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
What can often improve and prolong the quality of life for those with COPD.
External oxygen
What can slow or reverse the progression of COPD
smoking cessation
What is characterized by damaged areas on the nerve conducting cells slowing the transmission of nerve impulses
Multiple sclerosis
What is used record a human's brain waives to diagnose neurologic diseases.
EEG
What is used to view pictures of tissue and bones of the brain and surrounding areas.
CT
Meningitis can be characterized
Characterized by headache, stiff next, nausea, and vomiting.
How is Renal colic treated
pain analgesics
What is manifestation of uncontrolled diabetes and alcoholism and shows itself in pain and numbness of the extremities
peripheral neuropathy
An accumulation of excess fluid in a patient with chronic renal failure promotes what?
hypertension
How is Parkinson's disease treated
dopamine replacement therapy.
What is a surgical procedure aimed at shattering renal calculi.
Lithotripsy
White blood cells in the urine is indicative of what?
Pyuria
If a patient is suffering from chronic renal failure, vomiting and fatigue, the recommended treatment is
Hemodialysis
What can be a cause of hypertension for a patient with chronic renal failure.
Sodium retention
The principle behind kidney dialysis is
that molecules move from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration.
Kidney dialysis is intended to
remove urea from the blood and to remove nitrogenous waster products from the blood.
Low cardiac output can
strain the kidney and lead to organ dysfunction.
Diabetes mellitus is defines as
disease process in which there is a hyposecretion of the insulin hormone.
Ketones are abnormal constituents of urine that indicate
diabetes mellitus or starvation.
Type 2 diabetes is best tested by
hemoglobin A 1.c. and fasting blood glucose.
Hypothyroidism is characterized by
lethargy, irritability, difficulty eating, and dry hair and skin.
is a treatment of anemia in someone with chronic renal failure.
Erythopoietin
A child with impaired cognitive function MAY HAVE
thyroxine and triodothryrone deficiencies.
Increased production of the parathyroid hormone causes
Calcium is released from the bone due to it
Medications to suppress thyroid function are necessary if a patient presents
with exophthalmos, strained appearance to the face, extreme nervousness, and a goiter.
What is a hormone given to augment labor?
Pitocin
What is often accompanied by skeletal fractures
Hyperparathyroidism is
How can Testicular torsion be diagnosed
H&P
How is gonorrhea diagnosed
NAAT (for chlamydia as well)
can be urine, endocervical swab or vaginal swab
Benign prostatic hypertrophy is treated by
laser and ultrasound and by transurethral prostatectomy when urinary function is threatened.
What can inhibit a females ability to conceive
Weight, menstrual history, and the degree of athleticism
Menopause is described as
as a lack of menses for 6 months.
What are two disorders that may occur during pregnancy
placenta previa and gestational diabetes.
vaginal secretions of yellow or green frothy vaginal discharge means what
Trichomoniasis
Hypertension and proteinuria can mean what
Eclampsia and toxema
Greenstick fracture
bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
Dislocation (luxation)
displacement of a bone from its joint
Dislocation/Subluxation
partial dislocation
Rickets
Vitamin D deficiency. It causes bone pain, poor growth and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities.
Osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone and bone marrow. Such infections are characterized by inflammation, edema, and circulatory congestion of the bone marrow
Herniated disk
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
Plantar fasciitis
results from irritation of the ligament on the bottom of the foot that connects the heel to the toes. Straining of the ligament leads to inflammation, swelling, and pain when standing or walking.
Lordosis
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)
Kyphosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
Osteoporosis
A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.
Fibromyalgia
chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue
myasthenia gravis
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
Acne
inflammatory disease of the skin involving the sebaceous glands and hair follicles
Carbuncle
consists of several furuncles developing in adjoining hair follicles with multiple drainage sinuses. The most common sites of these lesions are hairy parts of the body exposed to irritation, pressure, friction, or moisture.
Herpes Simplex Virus (fever blisters)
a virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips but that can also cause brain damage
Impetigo
bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
Herpes zoster (shingles)
viral infection affecting peripheral nerves
seborrheic dermatitis
an inflammation that causes scaling and itching of the upper layers of the skin or scalp
eczema (atopic dermatitis)
inflammatory skin disease with erythematous, papulovesicular, or papalosquamous lesions
decubitus ulcer
sore caused by lying down for long periods of time
Keratosis Pilaris
Redness and bumpiness in the cheeks or upper arms; caused by blocked follicles
Furuncle
boil; suppurative inflammatory skin lesion due to infected hair follicle
Plantar's Warts
Viral infection causing a seed-like appearance, on the foot
Urticaria (wheal)
hives, generally caused by allergic immune response. Round and red, can cover small area or large.
Rosacea
Chronic skin disorder of the face with red inflamed areas appearing mostly on the nose and cheeks
Scabies
contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite
Skin Cancer: Basal Cell
...
Tinea pedis
fungal infection of the foot; athlete's foot
vitiligo
localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
Transients CVA's
temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, mini stroke
hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed
Hematoma
a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues.
Subdural hematoma
collection of blood under the dura mater
Concussion
violent shaking up or jarring of the brain
Contusion
bruise
Head trauma
Injury to the head and, therefore, to the brain, typically caused by accidents; can lead to cognitive impairments, including memory loss.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (Lou Gehrig's Disease)
a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord.
Alzheimer's disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning
Bell's Palsy
temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only on the affected side of the face
peripheral neuropathy
a painful condition of the nerves of the hands and feet due to damage to the peripheral nerves; also known as peripheral neuritis [Show Less]