Horace Mann began school reform in Massachusetts, 1837 - ANSWER-Innovators and reformers like Horace Mann and Henry Barnard made it possible for common
... [Show More] schools to establish themselves as the first public schools in the nation. represented school reformers
Common Schools - ANSWER-Public schools available to children from all levels of society. Common School movement began in Massachusetts in 1837
Compulsory attendance laws - ANSWER-laws requiring children to attend school for a certain part of the year. The new compulsory attendance statutes typically required parents to send children aged eight through fourteen to school for twelve weeks per year, six weeks of which had to be consecutive, unless exempted because of distance, poverty, physical or mental handicap, or other cause
Compulsory Attendance Act of 1852 - ANSWER-the first law requiring student participation in schooling; however. it was passed by the state legislature of Massachusetts. The law included mandatory attendance for children between the ages of 8 and 14 for at least three months out of each year. Of these twelve weeks, at least six had to be consecutive.
Parens patriae authority - ANSWER-occurs when the state takes responsibility from the parents for the care and custody of minors under the age of 18
parens patriae - ANSWER-A legal doctrine that gives the state the authority to act in a child's best interest.
Commonwealth v. Hall (1983) - ANSWER-which upheld a similar truancy conviction, school boards have the discretionary authority to determine the appropriateness of school absences.
National Defense Education Act (NDEA) - ANSWER-The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.
Education Consolidation & Improvement Act - ANSWER-Merged the federal Office of Gifted and talented with other federal programs. States received block grants to determine which programs and students to support.
No Child Left Behind Act - ANSWER-A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.
Plessy v. Ferguson - ANSWER-a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
Improving America's Schools Act - ANSWER-1994 supports schools in moving all children toward higher academic standards; Clinton
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka - ANSWER-1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) - ANSWER-Obama's act in 2015 that took over No Child Left Behind
Elementary and Secondary Education Act - ANSWER-1965 The Act is an extensive statute which funds primary and secondary education. This allowed the government to help those who cannot achieve a good education. Johnson
Lemon vs. Kurtzman - ANSWER-The 1971 Supreme Court decision that established that aid to church-related schools must (1) have a secular legislative purpose; (2) have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion; and (3) not foster excessive government entanglement with religion.
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education - ANSWER-In this 1971 Supreme Court Decision, the court ruled that, even though the schools in the district worked out to be only minimally integrated because of the full black or white neighborhood, the schools had to be intergraded based on the percentage of blacks in the whole district, meaning that blacks had to be bussed over great distances to integrate schools that naturally sat in all white neighborhoods. This cause a great push-back from middle America, who saw the end of the neighborhood school
Wallace v. Jaffree - ANSWER-First Amendment/Establishment Clause - silent prayer in schools case, State endorsement of prayer activities in schools is prohibited by the First Amendment.
Good News Club v. Milford Central School - ANSWER-Religious clubs that engage in religious activities can meet after school.
Lee v. Weisman - ANSWER-Public schools may not have clergy lead prayers at graduation ceremonies
Santa Fe Ind. School District v. Doe (2000) - ANSWER-school randomly selected a student to read a prayer over PA system before football games. Doe wins school is supporting religion by allowing it to happen
Plyer v. Doe - ANSWER-Court case that determined that the 14th amendment prohibits states from denying a free public education to undocumented children. Prohibits schools from request of any documentation of legal status.
Lau v. Nicols (1974) - ANSWER-
Castaneda vs Packard - ANSWER-
Hazelwood vs Kuhlkeimer - ANSWER-
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) - ANSWER-Public school students may wear armbands to class protesting against America's war in Vietnam when such display does not disrupt classes
Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986) - ANSWER-Gave public school officials the authority to suspend students for speech considered to be lewd or indecent
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier - ANSWER-1988 - Under the First Amendment, school officials can censor non-forum student newspapers when they can justify their decision by stating an educational purpose. However, this decision does not allow school officials to censor articles wantonly or based on personal opinion.
Morse v. Fredrick (Bong Hits for Jesus) - ANSWER-
New Jersey v. TLO - ANSWER-Supreme court case in which it was decided that a student may be searched if there is "reasonable ground" for doing so.
Horton v Goose creek Indiana School District - ANSWER-
Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995) - ANSWER-To ensure a safe learning environment, school officials may require random drug testing of students involved in extracurricular school sports teams.
Dixon v. Alabama - ANSWER-Supreme Court rules that due process requires a student to receive notice and some opportunity for a hearing before being expelled for misconduct.
People v Dukes - ANSWER-
Ingraham v. Wright (1977) - ANSWER-Corporal punishment (students can't be paddled without a hearing)
Pickering v. BOE - ANSWER-If adverse employment consequences are bases solely on protected expression on public issues, does the expression impede job performance, jeopardize relationships with superiors or coworkers, or interfere with agency operations?
Connick v. Myers - ANSWER-public employee speaks NOT as a citizen upon matters of PUBLIC CONCERN
(Conn. teacher - My Space)
Connick v. Myers - ANSWER-Myers was not protected by the First Amendment because she had a private concern and was interfering with management.
Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006) - ANSWER-Richard Ceballos, an employee of the Los Angeles District Attorney's office, found that a sheriff misrepresented facts in a search warrant affidavit. Ceballos notified the attorneys prosecuting the case stemming from that arrest and all agreed that the affidavit was questionable, but the D.A.'s office refused to dismiss the case. Ceballos then told the defense he believed the affidavit contained false statements, and defense counsel subpoenaed him to testify. Seeking damages in federal district court, Ceballos alleged that D.A.s in the office retaliated against him for his cooperation with the defense, which he argued was protected by the First Amendment. The district court ruled that the district attorneys were protected by qualified immunity, but the Ninth Circuit reversed and ruled for Ceballos, holding that qualified immunity was not available to the defendants because Ceballos had been engaged in speech that addressed matters of public concern and was thus protected by the First Amendment.
Decision: The Supreme Court held that speech by a public official is only protected if it is engaged in as a private citizen, not if it is expressed as part of the official's public duties. Ceballos's employers were justified in taking action against him based on his testimony and cooperation with the defense, therefore, because it happened as part of his official duties.
Mt. Healthy City School District v Doyle - ANSWER-even if a public emplyees expression is constitutionally protected, school officials are not prevented from discharging the employees is constitutionally protected, school officials are not prevented from discharging the employee as long as sufficient cause exists independent of protected speech.
Compulsory attendance law - ANSWER-Mandatory for a child to attend school up to a certain age
National Education Defense Act - ANSWER-Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.
Improving America's Schools Act - ANSWER-The Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 was a major part of the Clinton administration's efforts to reform education. It was signed in the gymnasium of Framingham High School. It reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
NCLB - ANSWER-No Child Left Behind - 2001 Pres. Bush designed to promote "standards-based education reform" via assessments that measure progress; results often affect funding and administration control
The Child Abuse and Treatment Act of 1984,
also known as the Baby Doe Regulations: - ANSWER-is an amendment to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974, passed in 1984, that sets forth specific criteria and guidelines for the treatment of disabled newborns in the United States, regardless of the
FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act) - ANSWER-A federal law that regulates the management of student records and disclosure of information from those records. The Act has its own administrative enforcement mechanism.
HIPAA Privacy Rule - ANSWER-Law that regulates the use and disclosure of patients' protected health information (PHI).
Title IX of Education Act of 1972 - ANSWER-Prohibited gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 - ANSWER-Forbids discrimination on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, or national origin in all areas of the employment relationship
FMLA (Family and Medical Leave Act) - ANSWER-Federal law requiring organizations with 50 or more employees to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave after childbirth or adoption; to care for a seriously ill family member or for an employee's own serious illness; or to take care of urgent needs that arise when a spouse, child, or parent in the National Guard or Reserve is called to active duty. 2 types of claims that commonly emerge are retaliation claims and interference claims
ADA - ANSWER-
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - ANSWER-Is a section of the a federal civil rights law which reads in part, that no "otherwise qualified handicapped individual" shall be excluded from participation in program or activity receiving federal financial assistance ("college, university or other post-secondary institution, or a public system of higher education") It is much broader in its definition of "handicap" than is the IDEA and it is a much more general law in that it doesn't not provide specific direction on how to address the needs of individuals with disabilities, referring only to the fact that schools must make "reasonable accommodations." Because of its broader definition students who do not qualify for special education services under the IDEA may be considered "handicap" under Section 504.
PL 94-142 - ANSWER-Education for all Handicapped Children
Act-1975 mandated FAPE, ensured due
process, IEP and LRE
idea - ANSWER-Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Educational laws vary from state to state - ANSWER-State and federal constitutional and statutory provisions provide a framework governing how schooling is structured. Educational law also provides a framework that protects the legal rights of students and school employees.
Case Law - ANSWER-the rules of law announced in court decisions
Common Law - ANSWER-A legal system based on custom and court rulings
charter schools - ANSWER-public schools run by private entities to give parents greater control over their children's education
private school - ANSWER-a school funded by tuition charges, endowments, and often religious or other nonprofit sponsors
Fourteenth Amendment - ANSWER-1868 A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians. [Show Less]