Quantitative data - ANSWER-analysis of numeric data
Qualitative data - ANSWER-describes observations; must be categorized before summarizing; has
... [Show More] subjectivity
Indicate whether each of the following represents qualitative or quantitative data:
a. type of health insurance
b. blood pH level
c. number of ED admission in July
d. patient's self-report of pain on scale 1-10 - ANSWER-a. qualitative; this is a category
b. quantitative; this is a number
c. quantitative
d. qualitative; this is subjective data and categorical
Quantitative date will be numerical data.
Descriptive statistics are discrete numbers: accurate and verifiable. - ANSWER-Examples: are sample size (shown as "n"); mean, median, mode; minimum, maximum; range; standard deviation; quartiles
Qualitative data are observable, categorical data. - ANSWER-Examples in healthcare are: condition of a patient at time of discharge; type of insurance; place of birth
What are 4 types of statistical tests.
All of these are inferential statistical tests because with the result of the test on a smaller population of people, inferences or guesses or predictions are made on the larger population. - ANSWER-ANOVA
t-test
Chi Square
Regression Analysis
ANOVA - ANSWER-Analysis of variance. Compares multiple (like) groups (means) in their response to different interventions. Compares the responses. Looks for differences.
t-test - ANSWER-same as ANOVA, except only compares two groups, or may compare results of intervention of same group at two different times. Looks for differences.
Chi Square - ANSWER-tests for relationships between categorical variables. Used with qualitative data. The value is in the category, not in a number. Looks for similarities.
Regression Analysis - ANSWER-estimates the relationship among variable to make predictions. Use to analyze and adjust risk. The combination of multiple variable produces a greater predictive value.
A word about Regression Analysis - ANSWER-Allows us to quantify the relationship between a particular variable and outcome we care able. Or multiple variables in most cases.
Sometimes called multi-factorial regression, multiple regression.
Used for making predictions, decisions for the future, based on today's data.
It's the combination of variables that gives us the greatest predictive value.
Ex. if a person smokes, (variable) what are their chances for developing heart disease?
What if they smoke and are obese (another variable)?
What if the person smokes, is obese, and has a family history of heart attacks (another variable)?
A group of dental hygiene students are researching the effectiveness of daily oral care. They want to prove which self-care is more effective for patient's, on a daily basis.
The students select a group of patients from the school dental clinic, n=30, who have a history of dental cavities & poor oral care.
*1. self-care method is brushing after each meal with a power brush,
*2. is brushing after each meal with any type of toothbrush & using mouthwash
*3. is using any type of toothbrush, brushing after each meal, flossing, & using mouthwash
The patients are divided into 3 groups, with each group receiving a different self-care method to follow for 1 month.
Which statistical test is appropriate when determining the preferable treatment?
*ANOVA
*t-test
*Chi Square
*Regression Analysis - ANSWER-ANOVA test
Time Series Analysis - ANSWER-sequence of data taken at equally spaced points in time. ex. comparing month to month, quarter to quarter, year to year.
Pre & Post Test - ANSWER-Test before intervention, to get baseline data, apply intervention, test after intervention to identify changes.
Cross-sectional Research - ANSWER-A type of research that analyzes data collected from a population or subset of a population at a specific point in time.
Randomized Control Trial - ANSWER-People allocated by chance to receive an intervention. One of the interventions is the control, which may be standard practice, a placebo, or no intervention.
Pearson's Correlation - ANSWER-Looks for relationship between two quantitative variables that are interval or ratio data types.
Ex. relationship between blood pressure level and age: as age increases, does BP level increase?
Correlation Co-efficient - ANSWER-Measures strength and relationship between two variables on a scatterplot. Looks at if variables are related, but also the strength of that relationship.
Ex. is there a relationship between eating candy and tooth decay.
A 'call for volunteers' for a research study was posted on all bulletin boards in a community college. The study involved smoking cessation for 3 months. The first 400 names collected by the researchers were chosen for the study.
What type of study is this?
1. Randomized control trial
2. Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
3. Pre and Post Test
4. Times Series Analysis - ANSWER-Randomized control trial
Muscle strength was tested in a group of men ages 60-75, who then participated in a 16-week, high intensity resistance training program twice a week. Their leg muscles tested at 50% to 80%
stronger after the training program. This is an example of:
• Time series analysis
• Pre and Post Test
• Chi Square
• ANOVA - ANSWER-Pre and Post Test
Over a 4-month period, 30 people with bipolar disorder were given a high dosage of omega-3 fats from fish oil to see how their condition improved. This is an example of a:
• Observational study
• Experimental study
• ANOVA
• Time series analysis - ANSWER-Experimental study
Research design - ANSWER-What type of study is being done?
Study population - ANSWER-Who is being studied?
Data collection - ANSWER-Where is the data coming from?
Analysis plan - ANSWER-How are the researchers evaluating the data? What statistical test are they using?
Organizations are interested in healthcare utilization and expenditures among new Medicaid enrollees after the 2014 Medicaid expansion.
A retrospective cohort study was done on Oregon Medicaid beneficiaries who were insured continuously from 2014- 2015 who were new, returning, and continuously insured. Research was done to assess healthcare expenditures in the 24 months after the expansion.
Monthly expenditures for inpatient care, prescription drugs, total outpatient care, and subdivisions of outpatient care: emergency department, dental, mental and behavioral health, primary care, and specialist care were reviewed for the study.
What component is missing from this information?
a) Research design
b) Study population
c) Data collection
d) Analysis plan - ANSWER-Analysis plan
The American Cancer Society is researching the relationship between diet, exercise, and other lifestyle choices to see how they influence the development of certain cancers.
Research Methods
A longitudinal study of volunteer applicants will be conducted to assess how lifetime choices in diet, exercise, and other factors influence the development of cancer. Volunteers for the study will be recruited from attendees at cancer prevention presentations, Relay for Life participants, and public health departments. The data will be
gathered through an annual survey, mailed to the home of the participant. The variables included in the data set will control for other factors that may impact patient responses. Statistical significance will be set at α = 0.05 for the analysis. The results of the analysis will be of interest to cancer centers, oncologists, other researchers, medical associations, and cancer patient support organizations.
Which component is missing from the research methods?
• A. Analysis Plan
• B. Data Collection
• C Study Population
• D Research Design - ANSWER-Analysis Plan
This is a cross-sectional analysis of the 2012 National Inpatient Sample, the largest national all-payer database of hospital discharges. ICD-9-CM codes for any type of hysterectomy performed for gynecologic malignancy were used to abstract pertinent observations.
Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to
examine the associations between demographic and clinical factors and mode of hysterectomy by cancer diagnosis.
What information is missing from this Research Process? [Show Less]