Epi
Means "outside" or "over"
Peri
Means "around"
Endo
Means "inside"
Mysium
Muscle
Superior
Above (or toward the
... [Show More] head)
Inferior
Below (or toward the feet)
Dorsal
Back
Ventral
Front
Superficial
Toward or on the surface
Deep
Away from the surface
Distal
Farther from the trunk or origin
Proximal
Closer to the trunk or origin
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Toward the side
Anterior
Toward the front (or toward the belly)
Posterior
Toward the rear (or toward the back)
Oblique plane
Divides the body at an angle.
Sagittal plane
Divides the body into left and right sections with a vertical plane that passes from the front to the rear
Coronal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into the front and back sections
Transverse plane
Divides the body into top and bottom
Dorsal cavities
Cranial, Vertebral canal
Ventral cavities
Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic
Cranial cavity
Contains the brain and is enclosed by the skull.
Vertebral canal
Contains the spinal cord and is enclosed by the bones that compose the spinal column.
Thoracic cavity
Contains the lungs and heart and is enclosed by the ribcage. Separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm.
Abdominal cavity
Contains most of the digestive organs - the stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines - and some of urinary structures - the kidneys and ureters. The upper boundary is the diaphragm, and the lower boundary is the brim of the pelvis (a landmark on the pelvic bones).
Pelvic cavity
Contains the bladder, anus and reproductive organs and is enclosed by the pelvis.
List the structural levels of the body from cell to organ system
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Identify the structures of the integumentary system and describe their functions. (See Modules 7 and 8.)
...
List the layers of the skin.
Three layers:
1) Epidermis
2) Dermis
3) Hypodermis
What is the function of the epidermis layer of the skin?
Protects
Composed of many layers of flat epithelial cells., which slough off when newer cells from the dermis move up to the outer layer.
Contains melanin (which protects the skins from UV radiation), keratin (a protein that waterproofs the skin), and sebum (oil) that decreases the chance of bacterial growth on the skin.
Does not contain blood vessels
What is the function of the dermis layer of the skin?
Largest layer of the skin
Contains blood vessels and sweat glands.
Made out of collagen and elastin
Most of the sensory reception occur here
Responds to temperature changes!
What is the function of the hypodermis layer of the skin?
Connect integument to organs and muscles
A fatty, cushiony layer - mostly adipose tissue, where medicine can be injected.
Describe how the integumentary system responds to changes in temperature.
Temperature changes are received by the sensory receptors in the dermis.
If temperature is hot, blood vessels will vasodilate (open wider), and sweat glands activate
If temperature is cold, blood vessels will vasoconstrict (shrink).
What are the major structures within the skeletal system?
Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Tendons
Describe the function of the structures of the skeletal system.
Support and protection.
Describe cartilage
This structure in the skeletal system is responsible for lubrication and shock absorption.
Describe the process of endochondral ossification.
Endochondral ossification is the process by which growing cartilage is systematically replaced by bone to form the growing skeleton.
What is the purpose of bone marrow?
Leukocytes (white blood cells) of the immune system are produced in the red bone marrow.
What is sarcolemma?
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.
What is the function of Sarcolemma?
Specialized for the conduction of an electrical signal (action potential), which triggers muscle contraction.
What is Sarcomere?
In this, the myofilaments are organized into parallel units; thick filaments of myosin are parallel to thin filaments of actin.
What is the function of Sarcomere?
Muscles contract because the proteins in the sarcomere slide with respect to one another causing myofibrils to shorten when the cell is provided with an appropriate signal.
What is the name for the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell?
Sarcoplasm
What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?
A network of membranous tubules inside skeletal muscle fibers.
These networks of tubules surround each myofibril and are filled with fluid that has a high concentration of calcium.
What is the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum?
A system of membrane-bound tubules that surrounds muscle fibrils, releasing calcium ions during contraction and absorbing them during relaxation.
Describe T-tubules
Unique to muscle cells, these structures are indentations of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell along the length of the muscle cell. They are filled with extracellular fluid. [Show Less]