1. a posteriori Literally "after experience"; knowledge that comes from experience 2. "a strutting wa- terfowl" Aristophanes said this about
... [Show More] Socrates; In Aristophne's play, the bird mocks Socrates 3. Academy Plato's school 4. Achilles and the Tortoise Zano's paradoxes - infinities within infinities 5. actuality (act) God is actuality, matter is potentiality; contrast with poten- cy 6. air Anaxemendes thought this was the fundamental sub- stance 7. Alexander the Great 8. "All things are numbers." 9. Allegory of the Cave student of Aristole; conquered and ruled an empire stretching from Macedonia to the Indus valley slogan of pythagora Plato 10. Anaxagoras distinguished between mind and matter 11. Anaximander Thought that the fundamental substance was from the boundless dimension; it cannot be seen and human life came from the sea; believed everything was made of boundless dimension, the man emerging from the sea 12. Anaximenes Air was fundamental substance 13. "an honest man" ... 14. Anselm who developed the 3 things and fides quarenes intellec- tum; faith seeking understanding = his book 15. ante rem Before the thing Plato's view; independent of particulars; in latin means = before the thing or particular 16. Antisthenes founder of cynicism 17. Aristotle student of Plato, takes the physical world seriously; star pupil of Plato; founds lyceum, believes material world is not just an illusion 18. Aristotle lost to Europe in the early Middle Ages He passed away and the language barrier from Arabic was difficult 19. Asceticism denying the body improves the soul; Socrates 20. Why was Socrates killed? corruption of Athenian youth 21. Atomism belief that all matter is composed of very small indestruc- tible parts; Democritus 22. Augustine's view of evil 23. Augustine's view of history 24. Averroës and Avicenna Viewed evil as a privation or lack of something; original sin neo-platonist; unlike Plato, thought history was important Muslim Philosphers influenced by Equinas 25. Bacon, Francis Use of inductive method; argues specific to the general and died stuffing a chicken 26. Boethius Translated some of Aristole's work to latin 27. classification of plants, animals, minerals, etc Aristole's followers parapethics developed this; classifica- tion within Kingdoms 28. cloak, walk- ing-stick, bag Cynics only carried these 29. contingent exis- The antalogical argument tence, necessary (self-) existence 30. creatio ex nihilo Judeo/Christian belief ("creation out of nothing") 31. cup of hemlock How Socrates died; sentenced to death by drinking this poison 32. Cynics Nomadic Philosopher that did not regard conventional values, King of himself, defaced coins, and carried only a cloak, walking-stick, and bag, defaced coins, had sex in public, called "dog-like ones" 33. Deduction Aristole; early way of making arguments; general to spe- cific 34. Demiurge a famous Platonist/Neo-Platonist; name for the creator; not the same as the one high god in gnosticism 35. Democritus Famous atomist; no order or design to the world, no purpose everything is random; atomistic theory 36. dialectic (Socrat- Using careful questions and answers to get a defining ic method) essence of something; logical debate, ask careful ques- tions to get careful answers 37. Diogenes of Cynic that hung out with dogs and carried a lamp in Sinope search of an honest man; wanted natural virtues, not artifical 38. Dionysius II of Plato's failure, tried to mold him into a philosopher king; Syracuse parents wanted him to be trained as a philosopher king 39. Cynics "dog-philoso- phers" 40. earth, air, fire, water Empedocles; 4 classic elements of chemistry 41. emanations (æons) Copies of God; creative attempts to duplicate, eons, in neo-platonism or gnosticism 42. Empedocles died jumping into a volcano 43. Enneads ("Nines") Classic statements of Poltinus; his lecturesl most impor- tant document to understand Neo-platonism 44. Epicurus Who founded Epicureanism; aim of life is to seek pleasure and avoid pain 45. essence, not ex- amples in Socratic method, trying to find defining essence, not just examples 46. evil as a con- sequence of free will Augustine 47. evil as a privation Augustine 48. Fides quaerens intellectum ("Faith seeking understanding") Faith and reason; puts faith primarily, belief than reason 49. Five Ways motion, causation, contingency and necessity, gradation of being, order of the world; Thomas Aquinas 50. "four causes" (formal, material, efficient, final) Aristole, all change involves these four things. material, formal, efficient, final 51. Gaunilon Monk wrote: on behalf of fool, objected Asleum argument 52. Gnostics and Neo-Platonism unclear what direction, philosophical or religious 53. Gorgias Sophist who tried to perfect the art of deception, his goal was not the truth but rhetoric, turned his back on true philosophy, believed that all statements were false and that everything incomprehensible and unknowable 54. Heraclitus emphasized change and becoming, you can't step in the same river twice 55. Hobbes, Thomas Social contract- theory of government with state of nature; how many rights should be given up and retained 56. ignorance and wickedness 57. immortality of the soul 58. improvement of the soul Plato and Socrates believed that it was the result of evil and non education what idea says that the form does not matter; idea that the soul lives on after the death of the body Socrates worked on improving his soul; believed that it was a life goal 59. in re Aristole relationships between forms and particulars; in the matter of, concerning 60. "indeterminate boundless" Quote by Anaximander 61. Induction Particular to general; Bacon 62. "Injustice pays" said by Percynicus 63. "king, not of oth- ers, but of him- self" 64. recollection or remembering placinious Plato's theory on learning - john locke 65. Leucippus a famous Atomist, realty consists of minute individual particals called atoms 66. lived in a pot Diogenes of Sinope 67. Lyceum Aristole's school; school founded by Aristole in Athens that focused on the gathering and analysis of data from all fields of knowledge 68. "Man is the measure of all things." Quote from Protagoras; a sophist 69. Machiavelli, Nic- colò author of Prince - rulers not constrained to rules or moral- ity 70. Marcus Aurelius Most famous stoic; ruled the Roman Empire; well educat- ed and loved philosophy, opposed war but had to defend the empire, wrote Meditations, personal reflections of his beliefs, ruled at the end of the Pax Romana 71. Atomism materialistic, mechanistic, no place for purpose or design 72. Pythagoras math, beans, immortality and transmigration of souls 73. Metaphysics real, but not observable to the sense, the philosophical study of being and knowing 74. Milesians the first philosophers, pre-Socratics 75. motion is impos- sible, an illusion Paramendies; Zeno of Elea theory on motion, Stotic be- lieved this 76. Neoplatonism Platinous Variation of Plato's ideas; eminations; focused on the spiritual and cosmological aspects of Platonic thought, synthesizing Platonism with Egyptian and Jew- ish theology 77. Nominalism Rosselin; there are objects and phenomena in the world and words to denote them 78. "none wiser among men" Oracle at delphie proclaimed about Socrates 79. Objective stuff outside you and me 80. On Behalf of the Gaunilo Fool 81. Ontological Ar- St. Anselm, existence is perfection, God is the most per- gument fect being. Therefore God must exist 82. Oracle of Delphi Greeks called this the navel of the world, where they and foreigners to seek advice of the god who knew all things and spoke the truth 83. Parmenides nothing even changes, being is -permenant not change opposite to heraclitus 84. "particle chau- you are saying your particles arebetter than others made vinism" of the same against materialism 85. Peripatetics another name for the Aristotelians mean those that wan- der around, because they wandered the world seeking knowledge 86. Permanence and Parmenides opposite is change and becoming "being" 87. Permanence and our world is changing at an ever increasing pace Change 88. Philip of Mace- father of Alexander the Great, had three goals, to raise don the economic and cultural level of his people, to united the Greek city states under Macedonian rule, and to lead a combined Greek/Macedonian army against the Persian empire 89. philosopher-king ideal ruler according to Plato who rules by thought and action who is well trained in military training, philosophy, and math 90. Physics and Metaphysics Physics answers how we exist wit the senses, while meta- physics asks why we exist 91. Plato one of Socrates students, was considered by many to be the Greatest philosopher of western civilization. Plato explained his ideas about government in a work entitled The Republic. In his ideal state the people were divided into three different groups 92. Plato, sources abou socrates Xenophon, Aristophanes, Aristotle 93. Plato's theory of what we sense with our senses is an illusion; forms are knowledge permenant 94. Plato's view of will always exist, permenant forms 95. pleasure and epcurinism pain 96. Plotinus believed the world is a span between two poles (dark and light) (neo=Platonist) 97. Porphyry igneous rock with crystals embedded in a finer ground- mass of minerals -pagan and critic of christanity 98. post rem Roscillinus (nominalists) - following an act - theory of form 99. potentiality (po- aristoles everything is made up of potentiality tency) 100. Protagoras man is the measure of all things - sopists 101. Psalm 14.1 (53.1) the fool has said there is no god 102. Pyrrho, Pyrrhon- ism founder of skepticism who believed that because the uni- verse is always changing, all knowledge is uncertain 103. Pythagoras philosopher who believed that everything could be ex- plained in terms of mathematics 104. resurrection of the body 105. Roscellin (Roscellinus) the joining at the end oftime, the bodies of the saved with their souls in heaven, at which point they will participate bodily in face-to-face encounter with God within the mar- riage of Christ and the church nominalist which means that forms are post-rem 106. Scholasticism philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas 107. Skepticism (Pyrrhonism) can only have opinions cannot claim to know anything - everyone is entitled to their opinions 108. "social contract" Thomas hobbes - power of state comes from consent of the people 109. Socrates Socratic method questioning; sentenced to death for cor- rupting Athen's youth 110. Sophists traveling teachers that taught how to win an argument; didn't believe in gods, refused the idea of an absolute right or wrong 111. "state of nature" will of all against all, natural state of man, violent situation, state prevents this anarchy 112. Stoicism an indifference to pleasure or pain, zeno of akitian - try to live virtously 113. Subjective influenced by personal opinion, biased 114. Syllogism all men are immortal 115. Teleological Ar- gument argument from design, 116. Tertullian three persons, one substance - 3rd century church father 117. Thales taught that the universe had originated from water 118. "that than which nothing greater can be conceived" anselm - existence of god 119. The Prince machivello 120. the One and the Many 121. the World is an il- lusion pre-socratic issue Socrates and plato 122. Thirty Tyrants aftr pelapanisian war - Socrates was an associate of these people, they thought Socrates was a trant 123. Thomas Aquinas argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument 124. Thrasymachus might makes right - it's all about power, the more powerful you are the more able you are able to determine your own reality- injustice pays 125. "Water is best." Quote from Thales - war of all against all 126. "war of all against all" 127. "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem, the Academy to do with the Church?" Thomas hobbes' view that nature was nasty, short, and brutish, humans were basically selfish creatures. This low view of humanity was influenced by Hobbe's experience of the English civil war Tertullian - faith and reason ha nothing to do together 128. wickedness is the result of ig- norance Aristole 129. Zeno of Citium ancient Greek philosopher who found the Stoic school 130. Zeno of Elea Student of Parmenides; introduced four logical paradoxes to prove the unity of being 131. Zeno's Paradox movement is an illusion, it is not logical, therefore things don't move 132. A posteriori literally "after experience"; knowledge that comes from experience 133. A priori "before experience"; knowledge that is before or indepen- dent of experience. Ex: every event has a cause, even though we have not experienced it 134. A different morality for rulers than for others 135. "Act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should be- come a universal law." 136. Aesthetic stage/moral stage/religious stage 137. Analytic Philoso- phy Niclio Macovelli First narrative of categorical imperative - with Immanuel Kant, Deyont, one ought to do this, or necessary to do this (Deontological vs. Teleological) Epicureanism (aesthic) Stoicism (Moral. virtue more im- portant) Abraham (religious state) --- Fear and Trembling Preoccupied with the function of language. Dominant ap- proach of philosophy. Every part of country was dominat- ed by this 138. Analytic vs. syn- thetic judgments Approach to logic, Emmanuel Kant. Analytic. contains idea that is contained in the subject, ex. Man is a Male (predicate) but it already implied; Synthetic, new infor- mation beyond what could be known in the subject (My dog is black) dog does not suggest the color. Kant, says that there is a thing such as synthetic preyocticor. The predicate can have information that is "a priori". Without this mathematics would be impossible. 139. Antichrist name of book by Nietzsche Friedrich, aspired to be an- tichrist and despised everything Christian despite being raised a Christian 140. Apollonian vs. Dionysian 141. Argued that morality changes through time 142. Argument from contingency and necessity Nietzsche, started as a philologist, studying classical lit- erature prodigy. Noticed in greek literature there were two divergent motifs. There is the Apollonian (God of Apollo - sun God, drives sun across sky, very regular) vs. Dionysian (party God - irregular and spontaneous, disordered), two alternative approaches to life, orderly and consistent vs. disorder and inconsistent - Nietzsche preferred the Dionysian approach Language and culture changes over time so morality changes over time because society makes morality (Fou- cault, Michel) -something moral today was immoral 500 years ago...as things change, morality changes, society's definitions are subjective Thomas Quinas, proves the thinking self, so there is nothing that you can believe in; but if there is at least one thing that exists then there is some being that self-exists or necessary to exist. The God must exist because there are other things that exist and we need a creator 143. Bacon, Francis Use of inductive method, argues specific to the general and died stuffing a chicken 144. Bentham, Jere- my first of utilitarianism, talks about social ethics and believes that you should just be able to make social ethics very simple, you are trying to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number. Maximize pleasure, minimize pain. Did not make difference between qualitative, rather the quantity. 145. Berkeley, George Important imperialist in British school - followed Locke, critized him for being an inconsistent imperialist. Locke believed we perceived substance, but Berkeley rejects this. Something exists first if it exists within a mind. Exis- tence is mental not physical. A bishop. Chairs in a class- room, if no one is thinking about them wouldn't they disap- pear (but God thinks about them so they don't disappear) - guarantee of existence is God 146. "best of all possi- ble worlds" in conection with Leibniz, Gottfried- believed we lived in the best of possible worlds, not that there wasn't evil, but it was a greater place because of the possibility of freedom with the possibility of rejecting God and his goodness. Made fun of by Voltaire (Candide) 147. Camus, Albert important extentalism, more of a writer, philosophy, whether we ought to kill oneself; there's no purpose to the world or any architect, go along for the ride or kill yourself. Can't see meaning but can make it. "Shouldn't we just kill ourselves and end it?" - a lot of his students were committing suicide 148. Candide Voltaire, says world is missing a lot of the pain in it, but doesn't fully take 149. "cash value" of an idea 150. Categorical im- perative "slap hand to other" physical thing in your hand, Williams James, pragmatist, true as we find them helpful in navigat- ing the world. It doesn't conform to a subjective standard - just helps in life. Emmanuel Kant - things are either right or wrong, first formulation, act only...if you can't say that it is okay for everyone to always to do something...then you shouldn't accept it in any case as being moral. 151. "categories of the mind" 152. Cogito ergo. Sum ("I think there- fore I am") 153. Communist Man- ifesto Emmanuel Kant, rather than receiving from the senses that the mind actively shapes what it receives from cate- gories to organize the data that it gets into a useful way, mind acts like a waffle batter on iron, it shapes knowledge, is the external world really the way we think it is or is it different because the mind has manipulated the data? Is nomena really as the phenomena? (nomena, what we se, phenomena, what we perceive) Magna Carte, modern philosophy starts with the thinking self - instead of starting with world/god Marxin Angles - famous for "workers of the world unite you have nothing to lose but your chains" 154. Comte, Auguste positivism, sciencism - highest approach to proof has to do with scientific / mathematical methods, religious is outdated, metaphysic is not as advanced as scientific - evolutionary approach, progressive is an important motif. Thinks new ideas are better than antiquity. 155. "constant con- junction" of ob- served events 156. Copernicus, Nicolaus 157. Cosmological ar- gument 158. Critique of prac- tical reason/ Pure reason David Hume - British philosopher, never actually see cau- sation. Eight ball may cause cue ball to move, but don't see causation but we see a movement of motions. The mind sees things and assumes, while it is just conjugated events. Subjective, haven't actually observed with senses polish astronomer - credit with recognizing that the earth revolves around the sun, rather than the geo-centric view. Astronomy, helostorical center Astrology, geocentric view Back to Aristole; Thomas Aquinnas; Important book, read in connection with critique of pure reason, the more popular of the two. Pure Reason, why there is God and one ought not to use metaphysics - Practical Reason, distinction between nomena and phe- nomena (things as they are vs. things as we perceive it) - can't know if what is real is different form how we perceive it. 159. Daas Kapital 3 volume work - Means capital in large amount of money to build factories - foundation of communism - book and theory 160. "deep struc- tures" / "Surface structures" distinctions made in structuralism - deep structures (built into way things are) surface structures (not entire cate- gory, so a particular part) ex. Language, water (English), agua (Spanish) surface, but first person, second person, found in all languages so it is deep structure - Structural- ism approach 161. Deconstruction Jaques Derrida - idea that any argument for something is an argument against anything else (it is implicit) 162. Deduction Aristole early way of making arguments; general to spe- cific 163. Derrida, Jacques Father of deconstruction 164. Descartes, Rene first modern man (alt. Martin Luther) important because he switches the starting point of philosophy to thinking self of the individual, I think therefore I am. Very radical. 165. Dewey John important pragmatism, important educational theorist ex. Small group, hands on learning, etc. 166. Dialectical Mate- rialism / Histori- cal Materialism 167. Died after stuff- ing a chicken with snow Alt. names for Marxism. Marx believed economics is the force that drives history forward. Philosphy should be studied in a way in which it is moving forward, it is not static. Historical process or dialectical process that moves things forward. Hagel dialectical idealist Marx. Dialectical materialism Francis Bacon 168. Diversion Pascal - if man was truly happy he would not need to be diverted from his own ideas 169. Does the ex- istence of evil point toward or Traditionally people thought the problem of evil pointing away form God, it is the rock of atheism. Dostoyevsky says that if there is no God everything is permitted and there away from the ex- is no evil. If there is morality, does that tie to God? Evil istence of God 170. Dostoyevsky, Fy- odor 171. Economics as the key to history 172. Egypt- ian/Greek/Ro- man/Germanic 173. Esse est percipi (To be is to be perceived) 174. Ethical stan- dards change over time, like language 175. Existence of the thinking self 176. Existence pre- cedes essence makes people think of God. Existentalists say there is no difference between right and wrong. Theistics say can't figure out why there is right and wrong but God knows what is going on. ... Marxism Angle World development (Hagel) First Egyptian writing -Greek philosophy - Roman law/individual as a citizen - Germanic highest expression, German university highest expres- sion of Germanic, and Hagel the highest expression of German university George Barkley, only exist as they exist in minds Michel Foucault Starting point for modern philosophy Everything is made with a purpose before it shows up here. You have a purpose for the scissors before you create it. Dog have purpose shows up and does dog things. Except for human. They show up and have to figure out what their essence is and who they are. What are human lives going to mean and stand for? 177. Existentialism Named because we are thrown here. We don't ask to be born, we show up, we exist and have to figure out our purpose 178. Falsification principle 179. Father of decon- struction 180. Fear and trem- bling 181. First modern man 182. Five ways (mo- tion, causation, contingency and necessity, the gradation of be- ing, order) Assosiated with Antony Flue - says if you cannot say what information would cause you to no longer believe in something you believe is not false than your belief is not reasonable, but it is a prejudice. Ex. I am a Christian, what would make me no longer be a Christian? If you can dig up the body of Jesus I can't be a Christian because I believe in the resurrection. Makes your argument false. Jaque Deridad Sorren Kirkovor - three stages of moral development, asthetic / moral /religious Luther or Descartes Thomas Aquines - five ways of proving the existence of God 183. Flew, Antony Falsification principle, later on in life went from being a profession atheist to becoming a theist. 184. Foucault, Michel Believes morality is static. It is various over time. Most famous issue, lobbying for acceptance of homosexuality. Over two hundred years ago it was wrong, now it is not because the society is different. If society says it is okay than it is okay. Has given a lot of credence in American society lately. 185. "Foundational- ism" means that you build a firm foundation and then try to build a philosophical argument on top of that. Descartes 186. Galileo built on the ideas of capernacious, worked on the evolo- tions of planets around the sun 187. Geist / Weltgeist Hagel, Geist means spirit in german, Weltgeist means world spirit. God expresses himself through the progess of civilization in human expression 188. "God is Dead" Nietzsche Friedrich, God is dead and we have killed him. Does not believe in God, believes that we killed the idea of God. We have to step up and take the place of God. If there is no God that destroys conventional morality so we need to define our own sense of morality. Hitler took a lot of inspiration from Nietzsche and tried to be a super- hero. Used Genocide, despite inappropriate approach to things. Rejecting conventional morality 189. "Greatest good of the greatest number" Most important phrase for utilitarianism 190. Hegel, G.W.F Dialectical approach to Philosophy, it is moving forward with eschatology. Idealist. 191. Hegelian dialec- tic 192. Heidegger, Mar- tin 193. "Hell is other people" 194. Hobbes, Thomas Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis (the merge of the thesis and antithesis). Evolutionary model. Around Darwin's time. The dialectic is different from the Socratic approach phenomenologist, most important question in philosophy is why is there something and not nothing? It is the most fundamental philosophical question. Existentialism slogan. Everyone is so different that we cannot understand what it is to be one another. It is hell being with people who do not understand you. Social contract - theory of government with state of na- ture; how many rights should be given up and retained, rejects the idea of Kings. If we are in society we have signed on to the "social contract" agreement. Prevents people from killing each other. State of nature is the war of all against all. The question though is how much power do we give to the state. This is stated in the Leviathan. Unsolved problem. 195. Hume, David Important British Imperialist philosophers. Famous for cri- tique of induction, causation, and miracles. 196. Hume's critique of causation 197. Hume's critique of induction 198. Hume's critique of miracles 199. "If God does not exist, then every- thing is permit- ted." Don't see causation, but a connection of events. Causa- tion is a connection of events not actually causes. Induction never gives you absolute proof of anything. Many logic in life is based on past experience. Past ex- perience can never conclusively prove that the future will follow that same pattern. Argues that miracles are the most improbable of all prob- able events. They imply the violation of the laws of nature. Ex. Violating gravity. Miracle of Levitation. More likely they are lying or delusion. Problem, first, he himself knows that induction can never prove things absolutely second, he is assuming that the miracles have never happened, yet getting thousands and thousands of reports of miracles. Not his best work ... 200. Induction Specific to General, Francis Bacon 201. James, William Primatist - cash value and things just became true as they are useful through life 202. Kant, Immanuel 203. Kepler, Jo- hannes 204. Kierkegaard, Soren 205. Language and "games" categorical imperative, categories of the mind. Critique of pure and practical reason. mentioned that Galileo and Kepler are important for plan- ets evolving around sun forefunner to existentialism - most creative reinterpreta- tion of Christianity. Both an apologist and anti-apologist. Argues that the life of faith is a more advanced thing than having a moral outpouring of life Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Late) rejects early thoughts. Lan- guages are like different games just like games have different rules. The rules that apply to writing a journal article are different to speaking the language of love. 206. Leibniz, Gottfried Idea that we live in the best of all possible worlds 207. Leviathan Famous book by Hobbes 208. Limited monar- chy (whigs) John Locke was opposed to censorship and the idea that monarchs could have absolute control. He wanted to limit their control. Founded wigism in Great Britain. He was exiled to Holland 209. Locke, John Simple and complex ideas. Accepts idea of substance even though imperially we can not perceive. Critiqued for being incosistent 210. Logical Atomism Bertrem Russel, tries to connect every sense data that might be perceived. Precision in language needs to con- nect everything with the sense data that we perceive it with. Fell apart because it could not deal with general statements so it could not deal with natural statements. 211. Logical Posi- tivism Came shortly after Atomism. Verification principle. If it can not be proven true or false it is meaningless or non-sense. Need to impericly (sense data) to vertify is something is true or not. Ex. I love you, but cannot empirically prove it. Cannot verify if this is true with impericalism. 212. Luther, Descartes 213. Machiavelli, Nic- colo Modern man potentials Wrote the Prince. Leader should not be contained by the same laws as their subjects 214. Marcel, Gabriel famous Christian existentalist 215. Marx, Karl Founder of Marxism 216. Master vs. slave morality 217. Merleau-Ponty, Maurice Christianity proved a slave morality. He wanted to assert himself. God is dead so we must create our own moralities and be masters. Famous exstentalist 218. Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism, accepted criticism that there is no distinc- tion between qualitative and quantity of pleasure. If you are talking about just pleasure you might get an equiva- lence. But he recognized that you can't recognize what is more uplifting vs. degrading. It's not mathematic (vs. Bentley) 219. Monkey's butt Distinctions in categorizations of things. Ex. Beauty. Claude monet's painting is prettier than the monkey's butt. Cannot say everything is relative. Scales need to be anchored by maximum. 220. Nietzsche Friedrich 221. Noumena/phe- nomena Will to power, anti-Christ. Emmanuel Kant - things as we perceive them, reality 222. Objective stuff outside you and me, subjective is inside of us. 223. Peirce, Charles S. One of the pragmatists, idea that truth isn't fixed but things become true as they become useful 224. Philosophical in- vestigations 225. Philosophies with an eschatology Book that Wittgenstein wrote (Late) Hagel and Marx. Related to each other, history is moving forward. Modeled on Christianity. Secularized version. 226. Positivism Scienctism. Emmanuel Kant. Logical Positivism 227. Pragmatism Pragma, act or deed. Having philosophy, and truth being judged by what is useful 228. Primary vs. sec- ondary qualities 229. Physics and metaphysics First introduced by John Locke. Solidity and dimensions. People don't argue against this. Primary, resides in. Sec- ondary, based on perception Aristotle, reality that can observed with the senses which is physics while that that cannot be observed is meta- physics. 230. Radical freedom Existentialism, believed in freedom even though science tells us we live in a universe that doesn't allow freedom. Something in the world doesn't describe things properly. We are responsible for the way we live our lives. 231. Rejected materi- al substance 232. Religion of hu- manity 233. Religious stage metaphysical stage / positivistic stage 234. "rent" / "la bo- heme" Relates to Hume and Berkley. Kant, created it. Religion brought social benefits but did not believe in a God. Wanted to create a newer religion without God. It was a tremendous failure. Connected with Kant, Positivistic and metaphysic were the most advanced. Jonathon Larson wrote a rock opera based on Puchinni's la boheme. Depict the struggling artist, the person living the dynoisis part of life. 235. Romanticism takes the value of beauty and confuses it with spirituality. People thought they were spiritual because of their as- thetic appreciation 236. Russell, Bertrand Logical Atomism 237. Sartre, Jean-Paul Existentialism. If there is no God then everything is per- mitted. We can't live in a world that way so we need to create our own value system. 238. Self-referentially incoherent 239. "So act as to Logical positivism, verification principle. But doesn't pass it Second formulation of Kant's imperative. Brought out treat humanity as when you speak about Pornography. You want to use the an end and nev- er as merely a means only." woman as a means not an end, so it is immoral. Question, is the formulation and second formulation say the same thing. Kant said it did others didn't. 240. Social contract Thomas hobbes - power of state comes from consent of the people 241. State of nature Will of all against all, natural state of man, violent situa- tion, state prevents this anarchy 242. Substance Both George Berkley and Hume rejected notion of sub- stance. Imperialists who believed we need to be able observe things for it to exist. 243. Suicide as the central question of philosophy ... 244. Synthetic a priori Immnuel Kant, makes no use of sense date of a priorical evidence. States more in predicate than in the subject. Many did not believe this, but can't have math without it 245. Systematic doubt Renee Descartes. Doubt everything and rebuild on the foundation 246. Superman (uber- mensch) Nietzsche 247. Tabula rasa John locke, blank slate. Experience writing on our minds. When we are born we are absolutely nothing. 248. The best of all possible worlds 249. The brothers karamazou Leibniz Friedrcih Nietzsche 250. The madman Talks about how we have killed God and he is dead. How can we take upon ourselves a great act? 251. The myth of sisy- phus 252. The philoso- phers have only interpreted the world differently the point is how- ever to change it Albert Kanu - Do we kill ourselves? Greatest philosophical question. Karl Marx 253. The prince machivello, needs to manipulate others to look out for the best of state, even if that meant being decietful 254. Tractatus Main document with early wittgeinstein. A positivist. 255. Tried to discon- nect what is le- gal form what is moral Niklio Machavelli 256. Uncaused cover Aristotle, Thomas Aquinnas 257. Utilitatrianism Particular approach to social ethics, Benten. Maximum utility 258. Vertification princle Logical Positivism 259. Vienna circle Positivism began here. 260. Voltare critized in Candid is this the best of all possible world 261. War of all against all Thomas Hobbes' view of nature was nasty, short, and brutish, humans were basically selfish creatures. This low view of humanity was influenced by Hobbe's experience of the English civil war 262. Will to power Nietzsche 263. Wittgenstein, Ludwig (early and late) 264. Workers of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains! Translation, philosophical to investigator Communist manifesto [Show Less]