Informed teachers are _____ assurance against reading failure.
our best
phonics
the study of the relationships between letters and the sounds
... [Show More] they represent
phonemic awareness
conscious awareness of the individual speech sounds (constants and vowels) in spoken syllables and the ability to consciously manipulate those sounds.
syllable
Unit of pronunciation that is organized around a vowel; it may or may not have consonants before or after the vowel.
orthography
writing system for representing language
morphophonemic
deep alphabetic writing system organized by both sound-symbol correspondences and morphology (English orthography)
morpheme
in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
metalinguistic awareness
ability to think about and reflect on the structure of the language itself
simple view of reading
word recognition (decoding) x language comprehension (comprehending) = reading comprehension
decoding
ability to translate a word from print to speech (sound-symbol correspondences)
discourse
written or spoken communication ("the exchange") of information and ideas (between writer & reader)
Listening comprehension may _____ reading comprehension, but the reverse is _______.
exceed, not true
phonology
phonemes can be sequenced, combined, and pronounced to make words (rule system withing language) (sounds /p/ and /k/ are never adjacent)
morphology
study of meaningful units in a language and how the units are combined in word formation (Nat- root, Nature- noun, natural- adjective)
semantics
study of word and phrase meanings and relationships (rank has multiple meanings)
syntax
system of rules governing permissible word order in sentences ("Our district recruits new teachers" "New teachers our district recruits")
academic language
written or spoken language that is more stylistically formal
orthographic mapping
mental process used to store words for immediate retrieval
Learning ___ depends heavily on ____ of recognized written symbols with _____ and the eventual connection of those sound patterns with _____.
to recognize words, accurate matching, spoken language, meaning
Four Part Processing Model
-context processor: background knowledge
- meaning processor: vocabulary
-phonological processor: speech sound system
-orthographic processor: spelling system
phonological processing system
enables us to perceive, remember, interpret , and produce the speech- sound system of our own language and others
orthographic processing system
several functions of recognition and recall of written language symbols
grapheme
letter representing unit of sound (phonemes)
meaning processing system
(semantic) interprets meanings of words in and out of context
context processing system
interact with and provide support for the meaning processor.
Scarborough's Reading Rope
Language comprehension (background knowledge, vocab, syntax/semantics, verbal reasoning & literacy knowledge) + word knowledge (decoding, sight words, phonological awareness) = skilled reading
Dyslexia
an impairment of reading accuracy and fluency attributable to an underlying phonological process problems, usually associated w/ other kinds of language- processing difficulties.
Basic questions to answer with assessment are:
1. Who needs help?
2. What kind of help do they need?
3. Is the help helping?
4. If not, what needs to change?
automaticity
the ability to read quickly and accurately w/o concious effort
Ehri's Phases of Word- Reading Development
Prealphabetic- incidental visual cues, general concepts of print
Early alphabetic- letter names and some letter sounds; early phonological/ phonemic awareness, syllable, onset-rime, initial phonemic matching
Later alphabetic-start automatic sight word recognition (regular and a few irregular words); initial set of phoneme/grapheme correspondences; basic phonemic awareness; segmentation and blending of 3-4 phoneme words
Consolidated- increasingly automatic sight word recognition; orthographic mapping; phoneme-grapheme links; advanced phonemic awareness; deletion, substitution, reversal of phonemes
phoneme- grapheme mapping
matching of phonemes in words with the graphemes that represent them
alphabetic principle
concept that letters are used to represent individual phonemes in the spoken word
sight vocabulary
student's bank of words that are instantly and effortlessly recognized
phonological working memory
the "online" memory system that remembers speech long enough to extract meaning from it, or that holds onto words during writing; a function of the phonological processor.
rapid automatic naming (RAN)
the ability to quickly name a series of printed, repeated numbers, letters, or objects that should be known by role
phonological awareness
conscious awareness of all levels of the speech sound system, including word boundaries, stress patterns, syllables, onset-rime units, and phonemes
Phonemic Awareness
the conscious awareness of the individual speech sounds in spoken syllables and the ability to consciously manipulate those sounds
phonics
study of the relationships between letters and the sounds they represent; also used as a descriptor for code-based instruction
onset-rime
the natural division of a syllable into two parts, the onset coming before the vowel and the rime including the vowel and what follows it
alliteration
Suzy sells seashells by the seashore
Onset and rime examples
Boat- B-oat
Rat- R-at
Oat- O-at
Chair- Ch-air
Phoneme seperation
Boat- /b/-/o/-/t/
Rat- /r/-/a/-/t/
Oat- /o/-/t/
Chair- /ch/-/a/-/r/
phoneme counting, blending, segmentation, deletion, and substitution
counting- /s/-/t/-/o/-/p/
blending- /s/-/t/-/o/-/p/
segmentation- say "stop"; say the sounds in "stop"
deletion- say "stop"; now say "stop" w/o the /s/
substitution- say "stop"; now say "stop" but instead of the /t/ say /l/ [Show Less]