What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor (0-2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete (7-11)
Formal (11+)
What are the muscles
... [Show More] involved in inspiration?
Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles: raise the ribs up and out
Serrates posterior superior: elevates rib cage
Levator costarium brevis: elevates rib cage
Levator costarum logies: elevates rib cage
What are the muscles involved in expiration?
Internal intercostal muscles
Latissimus dorsi
Rectum abdominis
Transverse abdominis
Internal oblique abdominal
Quadrates lumborum
What structures are involved in respiration?
Lungs
Bronchi
Trachea
Spinal column
Sternum: manubrium, corpus, xiphoid process
Rib cage
What is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory?
It's a theory of phonation. VF closure -> build up of sub glottal air pressure -> pressure blows the folds apart -> folds vibrate -> air moves through glottal opening, decreasing pressure -> folds sucked back together.
What are the laryngeal cartilages?
Hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoids
Corniculates
Discuss the vocal folds, aryepiglottic folds and ventricular folds.
Vocal folds:
They have three layers
Epithelium: the outer cover.
Lamina propia: the middle.
Vocalis muscle: the body
Aryepiglottic folds:
They go from arytenoids to larynx. Help preserve airway.
Ventricular folds:
Sometimes vibrate with low frequencies.
What are the intrinsic muscles involved in phonation?
internal thyroarytenoid: it's the primary portion of thryoarynteoid muscles. it vibrates and produces sounds.
cricothyroid: lengthens and tenses vocal folds.
oblique and transverse arytenoid: contract and pull arynteoids together for adduction.
posterior cricoarynteoid: abducts
lateral cricoarytenoid: adducts
What are the extrinsic muscles involved in phonation?
Elevators:
Digastric
Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Depressors:
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothryoid
Sternohyoid
How many/what type of teeth do we have?
32 teeth: 4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 premolar and 6 molar
What are the parts of the tongue?
tip, blade, dorsum, root and lingual frenulum.
What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
All innervated by CN 12
Superior longitudinal muscle: shortens tongue. turns tip upward.
Inferior longitudinal muscle: shortens tongue. turns tip downward.
Transverse muscle: elongates tongue
Vertical muscle: narrows tongue
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
All innervated by CN 12
Genioglossus: forms bulk of tongue. retracts, draws tongue downward
Styloglossus: draws tongue up and back
Hyoglossus: retracts and depresses tongue
Chondroglossus: depresses tongue
Palatoglossus: elevates tongue and depresses velum
What are the muscles of the pharynx?
salpingopharyngeus: elevates laryngeal wall
stylopharyngeus: elevates and opens pharynx
superior pharyngeal constrictor: pulls wall forward
middle pharyngeal constrictor: narrows diameter or pharynx
inferior pharyngeal constrictor: constricts office of esophagus and reduces diameter of pharynx
What are the muscles of the soft palate?
levator veli palatini: elevates velum
tensor veli palatini: tenses velum
palatoglossus: elevates and depresses velum
palatopharyngeus: lowers velum
What are the structures of the hard palate?
Pre maxilla [Show Less]