1. Not investigating whether or not one's beliefs about the physical universe make sense in connection with their beliefs about their gods fails which
... [Show More] criterion of good thinking/philosophy/science? a. consistency b. coherency c. adequacy d. applicability e. communicability b. coherency 2. Literary writing, like that of Hemingway or Steinbeck, a. mythic explana- in that it attempts to explain some aspect of human experience is an example of a. mythic explanation b. material explanation c. linguistic/rhetorical explanation d. formal explana- tion e. none of the above 3. Mathematics, in so far as it attempts to provide an explanation for our experiences, is an example of a. mythic explanation b. material explanation c. linguistic/rhetorical explanation d. formal explana- tion e. none of the above 4. Modern physics, in that it attempts to provide an explanation for our experiences, is an example of a. mythic explanation b. material explanation c. linguistic/rhetorical explanation d. formal explana- tion e. none of the above 5. Our experience of nature is related to physics in the same way that religion is related to a. metaphysics b. philosophy c. science d. theology e. culture 6. Persons associated with the 'Psychological Revolu- tion' that separated 'sciences of the mind' from phi- losophy are tion d. formal explana- tion b. material expla- nation d. theology b. Jung, Freud and Adler a. Origin, Adler and Copernicus b. Jung, Freud and Adler c. Tertullian, de Saussure and Freud d. Galileo, Au- gustine and Bloomfield e. de Saussure, Copernicus and Chomsky 7. A scientist has developed a scientific theory which does not allow for the inclusion of new information or data; the theory is such that it cannot account for this new information or data. Which criterion of good thinking/philosophy has been violated? a. consistency b. coherency c. adequacy d. applicability e. communicability 8. Which of the following is true? a. Plato and Aristotle both were rationalist b. Plato was a rationalist and Aristotle was an empiricist c. Plato was an empiricist and Aristotle was a ratio- nalist d. Plato and Aristotle both were empiricists e. none of the above 9. For which type of explanation are consistency and coherency NOT essential criteria? a. mythic b. material c. linguistic/rhetorical d. formal e. efficient 10. Socrates believed that wisdom is a. dogmatic certainty b. knowledge about how to be successful in public life c. teaching others what you know d. being aware of one's own ignorance e. all of the above 11. Which of the following statements violates the law of non-contradiction? a. It is either cloudy or raining. b. This circle is square. c. My new car is black and white. d. If I love wisdom, c. adequacy b. Plato was a ra- tionalist and Aris- totle was an em- piricist a. mythic d. being aware of one's own igno- rance b. This circle is square. then I cannot love Lucy. e. Either a statement is true, or it is false. 12. Persons associated with the 'Scientific Revolution' that separated 'exact sciences' from philosophy are a. Galileo, Copernicus and Freud b. Augustine, Adler and Bloomfield c. Galileo, Copernicus and Newton d. Jung, Tertullian and de Saussure e. Freud, Origin and Copernicus 13. Persons associated with the 'Theological Revolution' that separated 'god talk' from philosophy are a. Tertullian, Galileo, and Origin b. Galileo, Freud, and de Saussure c. Origin, Augustine and Adler d. Copernicus, Augus- tine and Chomsky e. Augustine, Tertullian and Origin 14. Persons associated with the Linguistic Revolution that separated 'sciences of language' from philoso- phy are a. Newton, Origin and Adler b. de Saussure, Chomsky and Bloomfield c. Copernicus, Newton and Tertullian d. Freud, Coper- nicus and Augustine e. Jung, de Saussure and Origin 15. Philosophy is distinguished from the other sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology, sociology, and anthropology because philosophy a. is a meta-science b. is mother to the other sciences c. is the critical evaluator of the sciences d. all of the above e. none of the above 16. Which type of explanation is best associated with Plato? a. mythic b. material c. Galileo, Coper- nicus and Newton e. Augustine, Ter- tullian and Origin b. de Saus- sure, Chomsky and Bloomfield d. all of the above d. formal c. linguistic/rhetorical d. formal e. none of the above 17. Prior to the rise of Western Philosophy, our intellec- tual culture was dominated by a. scientific thought and writing b. no thinking at all c. Christian thought and writing d. mythic thinking and writing e. none of the above 18. The Greek word ±¾ax¹¿ioÂs)( means a. worthwhile b. truthful c. ugly d. meaningful e. forbidden 19. The Greek word ÆpÅhÃus¹Âis() means a. supernatural world b. subnatural world c. true belief d. natural world e. understanding 20. The Greek word »¿lo³¿gÂos() means a. word b. truth c. understanding d. god e. wisdom 21. The Greek word ¿½onÄto¿sÂ) (means a. wisdom b. truth c. justice d. happiness e. being 22. The Greek word Ãs¿oÆp¹h±ia() means a. truth b. love c. understanding d. happiness e. wisdom 23. The one-world interpretation of Plato's theory of forms understands the forms to be a. the meanings found in discourse b. subsistent re- alities existing independent of discourse c. archetypes found in another "plane" of reality d. a) d. mythic thinking and writing a. worthwhile d. natural world a. word e. being e. wisdom a. the meanings found in discourse and b) e. b) and c) 24. The philosophical study of values is a. epistemology b. aesthetics c. metaphysics d. ethics e. axiology 25. The pre-Socratic philosophers were primarily con- cerned with a. language b. ethical values c. the cosmos d. politics e. the gods 26. The Sophists shifted the focus of philosophy/science away from the cosmos to the human person because a. the pre-Socratics did not find a unified Urstoff b. they recognized the importance of language in the constitution of the world/reality c. they understood that meaning and understanding were rooted in "who we are" d. all of the above e. none of the above 27. The theological revolution split what was previously considered to be the domain of philosophy by sepa- rating philosophy from speech about a. language and its structure b. the human mind or intellect c. nature and the natural world d. the gods e. all of the above 28. The two-world interpretation of Plato's theory of forms understands the forms to be a. the meanings found in discourse b. subsistent re- alities existing independent of discourse c. archetypes found in another "plane" of reality d. a) and b) e. b) and c) e. axiology c. the cosmos d. all of the above d. the gods e. b) and c) 29. The word philosophy comes from a. the Latin roots meaning 'mother of sciences' b. the Latin roots meaning 'inventor of ideas' c. the Latin roots meaning 'seeker of love' d. the Greek roots meaning 'finder of truth' e. the Greek roots meaning 'lover of wisdom' 30. A cognitive relativist would argue that a. there are no universally true knowledge claims b. there are no universally true moral claims c. there are no universally true aesthetic claims d. all of the above e. none of the above 31. Accounts of the origin of the universe found in the Bible, Hindu scriptures, and other religious text (like the writings of Hesiod) are examples of a. mythic explanation b. material explanation c. linguistic/rhetorical explanation d. formal explana- tion e. none of the above 32. Applicability is the criterion for good philosophy that states a. the various parts of a theory should "hang togeth- er" or work in unison b. the various parts of a theory should not be logically contradictory c. a theory should refer to conscious human experi- ence d. a theory should be able to incorporate new data or experiences e. that the theory should be articulated in such a way that others can understand it and critique it 33. Aristotle recognized that if 'something' existed then a. it could exist independent of a principle which de- fined it b. it could not exist independent of a principle which defined it c. it must be made up of atoms and sub-atomic parti- e. the Greek roots meaning 'lover of wisdom' a. there are no universally true knowledge claims a. mythic explana- tion c. a theory should refer to con- scious human ex- perience b. it could not exist independent of a principle which de- fined it cles d. all of the above e. none of the above 34. Aristotle's (prima facie) belief that 'reality is prior to language' does NOT mean a. things exist without any definition b. things can exist because the Christian God made them c. things are dependent upon human language d. all of the above e. none of the above 35. Coherency is the criterion for good philosophy that states a. the various parts of a theory should "hang togeth- er" or work in unison b. the various parts should not be logically contradic- tory c. a theory should refer to conscious human experi- ence d. a theory should be able to incorporate new data or experiences e. that the theory should be articulated in such a way that others can understand it and critique it 36. Who claimed "All things are composed of water"? a. Homer b. Thales c. Protagoras d. Socrates e. Plato 37. Which branch of philosophy would include the follow- ing type of discussion: If 'All humans are mortal' and 'Socrates is a human' then if follows that 'Socrates is mortal.' This must be true because if ''x' is 'y'' and ''z' is 'x'' then necessarily ''z' is 'y''. a. metaphysics b. epistemology c. philosophical theology d. ethics e. logic 38. Which branch of philosophy would include the fol- lowing type of discussion: The conditions of knowing d. all of the above a. the various parts of a theory should "hang to- gether" or work in unison b. Thales e. logic d. epistemology entail a relationship between the subject (the knower) and the object (the known) in such a manner that there exists a 'distance' or separateness between the subject and object. a. metaphysics b. ethics c. social and political philosophy d. epistemology e. philosophical anthropology 39. Which branch of philosophy would include the fol- lowing type of discussion: The fundamental building block of all reality is matter/energy, which can neither be created nor destroyed. All individual things arise from matter/energy, are composed of it, and 'return' to it upon their demise. a. epistemology b. ethics c. aesthetics d. cosmology e. ontology 40. Which branch of philosophy would include the fol- lowing type of discussion: The fundamental question has always been the question of existence: what does it mean 'to exist' or 'to be'? Equally important, what does it mean to say something 'does not exist'? a. aesthetics b. ethics c. ontology d. logic e. philosophical anthropology 41. Which branch of philosophy would include the fol- lowing type of discussion: One ought act only in accordance with that rule which one can will to be uni- versalized - to never treat persons as merely means to an end, but as an end in themselves. a. epistemology b. ontology c. logic d. metaphysics e. ethics 42. Communicability is the criterion for good philosophy that states a. the various parts of a theory should "hang togeth- er" or work in unison d. cosmology c. ontology e. ethics e. that the theory should be articu- lated in such a way that others can un- b. the various parts of a theory should not be logically contradictory c. a theory should refer to conscious human experi- ence d. a theory should be able to incorporate new data or experiences e. that the theory should be articulated in such a way that others can understand it and critique it 43. Consistency is the criterion for good philosophy that states a. the various parts of a theory should "hang togeth- er" or work in unison b. the various parts should not be logically contradic- tory c. a theory should refer to conscious human experi- ence d. a theory should be able to incorporate new data or experiences e. that the theory should be articulated in such a way that others can understand it and critique it 44. Who claimed "The human person is the measure of all things, of all things great and small, in that they are and in that they are not"? a. Homer b. Thales c. Protagoras d. Socrates e. Aristotle 45. The method of empiricism argues that a..knowledge arises from reason alone b. knowledge arises from sense data and reason c. knowledge arises from sense data d. knowledge is given by the gods e. knowledge is impossible 46. Evocative language attempts to a. provide an account of our experiences b. provide the causes for our experiences c. induce a paradigm shift (cause us to see our world derstand it and cri- tique it a. the various parts of a theory should "hang to- gether" or work in unison c. Protagoras c. knowledge aris- es from sense data c. induce a para- digm shift (cause us to see our world differently) differently) d. a) and b) above e. a) and c) above 47. Explanatory language attempts to a. provide an account of our experiences b. provide the causes for our experiences c. induce a paradigm shift (cause us to see our world differently) d. a) and b) above e. a) and c) above 48. Heidegger argues that "the world mirrors language" because a. 'things' are always a function of meaning and dis- course b. he was committed to an empirical doctrine of sense perception c. 'things/reality' do not exist independent of lan- guage (principle of definiteness) whatsoever d. a) and b) e. a) and c) 49. Heidegger's view of language is that a. it is not essential to the existence of a thing b. most things exist without a principle that gives them definition c. human languages such as French or Korean are the only types of language d. before any language (principle of definition) there must have been a person(s) who constructed it e. none of the above 50. Which type of explanation of reality is best associat- ed with Homer? a. mythic b. material c. linguistic/rhetorical d. formal e. none of the above 51. The rational inquiry into 1st principles or founda- tional principles (questions of the ultimate ground of reality) is b. provide the causes for our ex- periences e. a) and c) e. none of the above a. mythic d. Metaphysics a. Ethics b. Logic c. Aesthetics d. Metaphysics e. Epistemology 52. The study of the form of valid arguments or good reasoning (such as All P's are Q's. All Q's are S's. Therefore, All P's are S's.) is under which branch of philosophy? a. Metaphysics b. Epistemology c. Ethics d. Philosophical Theology e. Logic 53. Following the text found in the Christian Scriptures known as the Gospel of John (specifically the pro- logue of the Gospel), one could say a. 'god' has a language b. 'god' is prior to language c. 'god' has no connection to language d. 'god' is language e. none of the above 54. The argument for a concept of atoms or gods that does not allow room for variants or new experiences or information fails which criterion of good think- ing/philosophy/science? a. consistency b. coherency c. adequacy d. applicability e. communicability 55. The belief that "x is blue" and "x is not blue" at the same time and in the same respect fails which criterion of good thinking/philosophy/science? a. consistency b. coherency c. adequacy d. applicability e. communicability 56. The discussion of a "parallel universe" which is be- yond/disconnected from the world of our conscious experience fails which criterion of good thinking/phi- e. Logic d. 'god' is lan- guage c. adequacy a. consistency d. applicability losophy/science? a. consistency b. coherency c. adequacy d. applicability e. communicability 57. Which type of explanation is best associated with Protagoras (a Sophist)? a. mythic b. material c. linguistic/rhetorical d. formal e. none of the above 58. Rationalism is a theory that states a. all knowledge is absolute and given by God b. all knowledge arises from sense experience c. all knowledge arises from reason alone d. all knowl- edge is relative and error prone e. all knowledge arises from reason and sense expe- rience 59. Which of the following types of explanation is shown to be false by scientific explanation? a. mythic explanations b. material explanations d. linguistic/rhetorical explanations d. formal expla- nations e. none of the above 60. Socrates held to the doctrine of Ethical Intellectual- ism that entailed a. if you do the good you will know that it is good b. knowledge and action are not related to each other c. good actions are dependent on the situation (rela- tive) d. only the intellectuals and philosophers were ethical e. if you know the good you will do it 61. Which type of explanation is best associated with Socrates? a. mythic b. material c. linguistic/rhetorical d. formal e. none of the above c. linguistic/rhetor- ical c. all knowledge arises from rea- son alone e. none of the above e. if you know the good you will do it d. formal 62. Socrates' reacted to the Sophists by a. accepting the fundamental role of language b. ac- cepting the established gods c. rejecting the apparent relativism of values d. a) and c) e. b) and c) 63. Aristotle stated that philosophical inquiry begins with a. power b. wonder c. conflict d. wealth e. revelation 64. Which division of philosophy explores the differ- ences between knowledge and opinion? a. aesthetics b. epistemology c. logic d. ethics e. metaphysics 65. 'The law of non-contradiction' states: a. some statements might be both true and false at the same time b. some statements are necessarily true and false at the same time c. any statement could be interpreted as being true and false at the same time d. no statement can be true and false at the same time e. no statement can be true or false at the same time 66. Which perspective argues that 'rationality' is what a particular social group with power values? a. foundationalist b. rationalist c. empiricist d. constructivist e. irrationalist 67. Bertrand Russell argues that philosophy is valuable because it allows one to a. provide clearly defined answers to most questions b. debate and defeat opponents with good debating d. a) and c) b. wonder b. epistemology d. no statement can be true and false at the same time d. constructivist e. none of the above skills c. attune oneself with the eternal truths found in God d. all of the above e. none of the above 68. A constructivist would argue: a. all claims about rationality are culturally biased b. belief in foundational self-evident truths of rational- ity can be justified c. all understandings of rationality are of equal value (relativism) d. all of the above e. none of the above 69. The 'fact-value' distinction that radically separated 'facts' (the 'sciences') from 'values' (the emotive or sentiment aspects of human experience) emerged a. in Ancient times (6th century B.C. - 300 AD) with the rise of philosophy b. in Medieval times (300 AD - 1500) with the rise of theology c. in Modern times (1500 - 1800) with the rise of the sciences of measurement d. in the Contemporary period (1800 - 1950) with the rise of industrialization e. in the Contemporary period (1950 - present) with the rise of the technological revolution 70. According to the Socratic tradition, Protagoras is as- sociated with a. universalism b. contextualism c. absolutism d. positivism e. relativism 71. The Intellectual Revolution in the 1st - 3rd centuries AD focused on a. the meaning of Urstoff b. the history of human consciousness c. the structure of language d. the nature of the cos- a. all claims about rationality are cul- turally biased c. in Modern times (1500 - 1800) with the rise of the sci- ences of measure- ment e. relativism e. the Judeo-Christian god mos e. the Judeo-Christian god 72. A good philosophical theory does NOT need to e. make sense to a. have its parts "hang together" or work in unison b. everybody avoid logical contradictions c. refer to conscious human experience d. be able to incorporate new data or experiences e. make sense to everybody 73. Etymologies can be helpful in providing a definition of a word in spite of the fact that a. no one knows what the etymologies of words b. no one knows what the word etymology means c. the first meaning of a word is the most useful definition d. the meanings of words change over time e. none of the above 74. Which type of explanation is best associated with Thales? a. mythic b. material c. linguistic/rhetorical d. formal e. none of the above 75. The 'exact' science revolution split what was previ- ously considered to be the domain of philosophy by separating philosophy from speech about a. language and its structure b. the human mind and intellect c. the nature and the natural world d. the gods e. all of the above 76. Which branch of philosophy is considered to be the preparation for the rest of philosophy/science? a. Metaphysics b. Epistemology c. Cosmology d. Logic e. Ethics 77. The critical aspect of philosophical method entails a. a negative attitude towards religious beliefs d. the meanings of words change over time b. material c. the nature and the natural world d. Logic e. an investigation into the presuppo- b. a positive attitude towards all science c. that the starting place for philosophy is conscious human experience d. that all human knowledge is false e. an investigation into the presuppositions of our thinking 78. The early Pre-Socratic philosophers were searching for the Urstoff and came up with a. formal explanations such as 'the transcendent Good' b. one principle on which they all agreed c. God as the basis of all reality d. material explana- tions such as 'water' and 'fire' e. no answers at all 79. The father of Western Philosophy is a. Socrates b. Plato c. Thales d. all of the above e. Homer 80. Which branch of philosophy would include the fol- lowing type of discussion: The fundamental or first principles which lay at the bases of all reality can readily be seen as involving both permanence and change; one might reasonably argue that all things change, and at the same time reasonably argue that all reality remains the same. a. social and political b. ethics c. logic d. epistemology e. metaphysics 81. Which branch of philosophy would include the fol- lowing type of discussion: The question of the im- mortality of the human mind or soul is necessarily connected to one's understanding of the relationship of the soul to the human body - is this relationship necessary? a. philosophical theology b. aesthetics c. logic d. philosophical anthropology e. cosmology sitions of our think- ing d. material expla- nations such as 'water' and 'fire' c. Thales e. metaphysics d. philosophical theology 82. Which branch of philosophy would include the follow- ing type of discussion: To properly understand the meaning of deity, one must first distinguish been the essence or nature of deity and the existence of de- ity. Without separating these two features questions about the divine become hopelessly muddled. a. philosophical theology b. cosmology c. epistemology d. philosophical anthropology e. ontology 83. Foundationalists often respond to the anti-founda- tionalists by arguing that . a. the anti-foundationalists' claim that "there are ab- solute objective standards of rationality" is false b. the anti-foundationalists' position amounts to rel- ativism c. anti-foundationalists support a position of ethno- centric imperialism d. the anti-foundationalists cannot produce the self-evident sources of rationality they claim exist e. none of the above 84. Which is the correct order? a. Plato taught Socrates, who taught Aristotle b. Socrates taught Plato, who taught Aristotle c. Socrates taught Aristotle, who taught Plato d. Aris- totle taught Plato, who taught Socrates e. none of the above 85. Someone believes that there is a being who knows the future as determined fact (the future is deter- mined) AND believes that human beings are free to shape their undetermined future (the future is not determined). Which criterion of good thinking/philos- ophy has been violated? a. consistency b. coherency c. adequacy d. applicability e. communicability a. philosophical theology b. the anti-founda- tionalists' position amounts to rela- tivism b. Socrates taught Plato, who taught Aristotle ... 86. The belief that there exists one and only one 'god' (traditional monotheism) is a. logically necessary b. archical thinking c. anarchical thinking d. logically impossible e. chaos theory 87. The belief that 17 + 3 = 20 (as understood by a math- ematician, not just someone who has memorized ad- dition) is a. a priori and arrived at through deduction b. a posteriori and arrived at through deduction c. a priori and arrived at through induction d. a posteriori and arrived at through induction e. none of the above 88. If there are beings which had no bodies (such as angels, gods, etc.), and they have knowledge states, what kind of knowledge would they have? a. a priori b. a posteriori c. a priori and a posteriori d. neither a priori nor a posteriori e. none of the above 89. The following is an example of ? Either it is raining or the weather is beautiful. In fact, the weather is not beautiful. Therefore, it must be raining. a. Reduction b. Abduction c. Introduction d. Induction e. Deduction 90. The method, according to Peirce which fixes belief through personal associations, learned beliefs and personal environment is a. the method of tenacity b. the method of authority c. the a priori method d. the scientific method e. the fallacious method 91. The arche paradigm involves a. a belief that truth is one and unified b. archical thinking a. a priori and ar- rived at through deduction a. a priori e. Deduction a. the method of tenacity d. all of the above b. that truth descends and our job is to discover it c. that truth is objective and exterior to our activities d. all of the above e. none of the above 92. The following is an example of . Everyone experiences a world of things (trees, hous- es, horses, etc.). I propose the hypothesis that 'there exists a god which must be the cause of this world of things'. a. Reduction b. Abduction c. Retroduction d. Induction e. Deduction 93. Peirce states that the fixation of belief by the 'en- visioning' of an intuition or an insight which is not dependent on sense experience is a. the method of tenacity b. the method of authority c. the a priori method d. the scientific method e. the fallacious method 94. According to Peirce what does doubt cause us to experience? a. loneliness b. irritation c. hopelessness d. happiness e. none of the above 95. Truth is dependent on method because a. all truth is contextual and method provides the context b. any truth derives its meaningfulness from within its methodological context c. a truth is always related to the axioms and rules that have generated it d. all of the above e. none of the above 96. The phenomenological aspect of philosophical method entails a. a negative attitude towards religious beliefs b. Abduction c. the a priori method b. irritation d. all of the above c. that the start- ing place for phi- losophy is con- b. a positive attitude towards all science c. that the starting place for philosophy is conscious human experience d. that all human knowledge is false e. an investigation into the presuppositions of our thinking 97. The terminus a quo of a method is a. the starting point b. the rules, procedures c. the ending point d. all of the above e. none of the above 98. If one were to fix a belief, according to Peirce, by ongoing communication and inclusion of all aspects of human experience, they would be using which of the following methods? a. tenacity b. authority c. a priori d. scientific e. none of the above 99. Which of the following is not an example of 'proposi- tional truth'? a. 'The grass is green in spring' within the method of everyday perception and color determination b. '2+2=4' within the method of mathematics c. 'Kansas City is in Missouri' within the method of contemporary mapmaking and direction given d. 'God created the world in six days, resting on the seventh' within the method of the Judeo-Christian scriptures e. 'All human persons have souls' within the method of contemporary biology [Show Less]