Pathophysiology HESI final
What kind of nursing implications will come with diverticulosis? - ANSWER
encourage 2-3 L of fluid per day, assess stools
... [Show More] for color, consistency, frequency, and
presence, and offer high dietary roughage.
What are the warning signs of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state - ANSWER
polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia and also an elevated fever
What is the glucose level in a hyperosmolar hyperglycemia state? - ANSWER
above 600
How severe is the dehydration that comes with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic
state? - ANSWER it is so bad it can send you into a diabetic coma.
What are the classifications of osteoporosis? - ANSWER type 1 is associated with
early menopausal estrogen deficiency, type 2 is senile osteoporosis with calcium with
calcium deficiency
What kind of nursing implications come with osteoporosis? - ANSWER implement
an exercise regimen that incorporates weight bearing exercises and instruct on
adequate calcium intake through diet or supplements
How can you test HCG. hormones - ANSWER you can test for detection by blood test
about 11 days after conceptions and about 14 days after conception by urine test. The
levels will peak in the first 8-11 weeks
Explain starling's law - ANSWER the greater the muscle fibers are stretched, the more
the heart can pump out blood more forcefully, so the CO will be increased.
What is tissue plasminogen activator? - ANSWER it is an enzyme that catalyzes the
conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot
breakdown
When would you use tissue plasminogen activator? - ANSWER for treatment of
acute ischemic stroke
What is cardiac tamponade? - ANSWER It is compression of heart muscles by excess
fluid or blood within the pericardial sac
What would you hear in someone who has cardiac tamponade? - ANSWER you
would hear a friction rub
Where do you want your HDL levels to be at? - ANSWER above 35mg/dL
What is the most abundant plasma protein? - ANSWER albumin
What is the purpose of albumin? - ANSWER it helps move many small molecules
through the blood
When would you have decreased albumin? - ANSWER After weight-loss surgery,
Crohn's disease, low-protein diets, sprue, whipple disease
What are the 2 dysfunctions of CHF - ANSWER diastolic dysfunction and systolic
dysfunction
What is diastolic dysfunction? - ANSWER occurs when ventricles pump against
extremely high afterload as in primary HTN
What is systolic dysfunction - ANSWER occurs when ventricles experience damage
as in MI and ventricle cannot contract effectively. This leads to an increase in preload.
What is the pathological definition of emphysema? - ANSWER It is breakdown of
elastin and collagen fiber network of alveoli whereby alveoli enlarge or walls are
destroyed.
How would a person's breathing be affected with emphysema? - ANSWER The
person would starts to hyperventilate to maintain ABGs. Cyanosis will come later in
emphysema.
What is the cause of Addison's disease? - ANSWER it is a deficit of
adrenocorticotropic hormones.
What kind of traumas can cause hypo function of the adrenal cortex? - ANSWER
surgical removal, infection or tumor of adrenal glands, head trauma (because it affects
the pituitary)
How is sodium affected in decreased function of the adrenal hormones? -
ANSWER increased NA excretion.
What is pannus - ANSWER vascular granulation tissue that forms in synovial
membrane of clients with RA
What are the diagnostic criteria for RA? - ANSWER morning stiffness for at least 1
hour and persisting over at least 6 weeks, arthritis with swelling or effusion of 3 or more
joints persisting for at least 6 weeks.
What can exacerbate MS - ANSWER stress, pregnancy, illness, fever, and fatigue
What are the signs/symptoms of MS - ANSWER visual disturbances, spasticity of
muscles, nystagmus, tremors, and gait instability
What are the types shock? - ANSWER hypoventilation, cardiogenic, obstructive, or
disruptive
What causes diabetes insipidus? - ANSWER ADH insufficiency, results in excess
fluid excretion
cholelithiasis - ANSWER condition where there are stones present in the gall bladder
How are gallstones formed? - ANSWER they formed when cholesterol and calcium
precipitate as solid crystals within mucous lining of gallbladder
What kind of foods should you avoid with cholelithiasis? - ANSWER high fat foods,
whole milk products, hot dogs, chocolate and cheese
When would you use in an intra-aortic balloon pump? - ANSWER in cardiogenic
shock
What would the ST segment look like post MI? - ANSWER a straight line between S
wave and the beginning of the T wave
What is the glucose level for hyperglycemia in diabetes? - ANSWER above 250
What will you find in the urine with diabetes? - ANSWER ketones and glucose
What is the hyper osmolality level in HHNK - ANSWER above 310
What is in the urine with HHNK? - ANSWER glucose
What is the level of hypoglycemia? - ANSWER below 70
What are the microvascular complications for diabetes? - ANSWER neuropathy,
nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiopathy (heart disease), foot ulcerations
What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER alarm, resistance,
exhaustion
What is dysentery? - ANSWER inflammation of the intestine causing diarrhea with
blood.
Where does amylase get produced? - ANSWER it is produced by the salivary glands
and pancreas.
What is benign prostatic hypertrophy? - ANSWER noncancerous enlargement of
prostate gland because of hyperplasia or hypertrophy.
High amylase and lipase indicate? - ANSWER pancreatitis.
Why does BPH occur? - ANSWER because of an increased estrogen and a decrease
in testosterone
What is the cause of PAD and CAD? - ANSWER atherosclerosis [Show Less]