PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HESI EXAM TEST EXAMS Q & A LATEST UPDATE GRADED A
23.
While the nurse obtains a male client's history, review of systems, and
... [Show More] physical
examination, the client tells the nurse that his breast drains fluid secretions
Four types of cirrhosis include alcoholic, post-necrotic, biliary, and cardiac
cirrhosis, which is associated with severe right-sided heart failure (HF), so
peripheral edema (C) is most consistent with right-sided HF. Although (A and B)
can occur in all types of cirrhosis, the most defining characteristic of cardiac
cirrhosis is related to HF. Hepatic engorgement can occur in a client with HF or
cirrhosis and cause right upper quadrant pain, not left (D).
Oxidative damage to cells is thought to be a causative factor in disease and
aging. If free radicals bind to polyunsaturated fatty acids found in the lysosome
membrane, the lysosome, nicknamed "suicide bags", leaks its protein catalytic
enzymes (B) intracellularly and the cell is destroyed. Inadequate ATP
production (A) and defective protein synthesis (C) lead to cell death either as
the result of defective chromosomes or production of defective integral proteins
(D).
In coarctation of the aorta, a congenital constriction is found at the aorta near
the ductus arteriosus region that lies past the left subclavian arteries, which
perfuses the upper extremities. The child should have higher blood pressures
in the upper extremities than in the legs (D). (A, B, and C) are not expected in
coarctation.
from the nipple. The nurse should seek further evaluation of which endocrine
gland function?
A. Posterior pituitary and testes.
B. Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.
C. Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Correct
D. Parathyroid and islets of Langerhans.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
24.
The nurse is assessing the laboratory results for a client who is admitted with
renal failure and osteodystrophy. Which findings are consistent with this client's
clinical picture?
A. Blood urea nitrogen 40 m and creatinine 1.0.
B. Cloudy, amber urine with sediment, specific gravity of 1.040.
C. Serum potassium of 5.5 mEq and total calcium of 6
mg/dl. Correct
D. Hemoglobin of 10 g and hypophosphatemia.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
25. Which healthcare practice is most important for the nurse to teach a postmenopausal client?
A. Wear layers of clothes if experiencing hot flashes.
B. Use a water-soluble lubricant for vaginal dryness.
C. Consume adequate foods rich in calcium. Correct
D. Participate in stimulating mental exercises.
Bone density loss associated with osteoporosis increases at a more rapid rate
when estrogen levels begin to fall, so the most important healthcare practice
In renal failure, normal serum electrolyte balance is altered because the
kidneys fail to activate vitamin D, calcium absorption is impaired, and serum
calcium decreases, which stimulates the release of PTH causing resorption of
calcium and phosphate from the bone. A decreased tubular excretion and a
decreased glomerular filtration rate results in hypocalcemia,
hyperphosphatemia, and hyperkalemia (C). (A) is reflective of a non-renal
cause, such as dehydration or liver pathology. (B) is more indicative of
infection. Renal failure causes anemia and hyperphosphatemia, not (D).
Breast fluid and milk production are induced by the presence of prolactin
secreted from the anterior pituitary gland, which is regulated by the
hypothalamus' secretion of prolactin-inhibiting hormone in both men and
women. Further evaluation of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland
(C) should provide additional information about the secretions or lactation.
Evaluation of (A, B, or D) do not support a physiologic mechanism or pathology
related to mammary discharge.
PSA levels are prescribed to screen for prostatic cancer which is often detected
by DRE and manifested as small, hard, or stony, irregularly-shaped nodules on
the surface of the prostate (D). Although PSA levels are prescribed for routine
screening, the findings suggestive of BPH (A), normal texture (B) or infection
(C) do not suggest cancer of the prostate, which requires further evaluation.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
26.
A middle-aged male client asks the nurse what findings from his digital rectal
examination (DRE) prompted the healthcare provider to prescribe a repeat
serum prostatic surface antigen (PSA) level. What information should the nurse
provide?
A. A uniformly enlarged prostate is benign prostatic hypertrophy
that occurs with aging.
B. The spongy or elastic texture of the prostate is normal and
requires no further testing.
C. An infection is usually present when the prostate indents when
a finger is pressed on it.
D. Stony, irregular nodules palpated on the prostate should be
further evaluated. Correct
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
27. Which condition is associated with an oversecretion of renin?
A. Hypertension. Correct
B. Diabetes mellitus.
C. Diabetes insipidus.
D. Alzheimer's disease.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
Renin is an enzyme synthesized and secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of
the kidney in response to renal artery blood volume and pressure changes.
Low renal perfusion stimulates the release of renin, which is converted by
angiotensinogen into angiotensin I, which causes the secretion of aldosterone,
resulting in renal reabsorption of sodium, water, and subsequently increases
blood pressure (A). (B, C, and D) are not directly related to renin oversecretion.
during menopause is ensuring an adequate calcium (C) intake to help maintain
bone density and prevent osteoporosis. Although practices such as (A and B)
may reduce some of the discomforts for a postmenopausal female, calcium
intake is more important than comfort measures. Although social and mental
exercises stimulate thought, there is no scientific evidence that mental
exercises (D) prevent dementia or common forgetfulness associated with
reduced hormonal levels. [Show Less]