GENERAL PATHOLOGY
1. Introduction to Pathology 1
2. Cell Injury, Cellular Adaptations and Cellular Ageing 6
3. Immunopathology Including Amyloidosis
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4. Derangements of Homeostasis and Haemodynamics 47
5. Inflammation and Healing 70
6. Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 101
7. Neoplasia 110
8. Environmental and Nutritional Diseases 137
9. Genetic and Paediatric Diseases 148
SECTION II: HAEMATOLOGY AND LYMPHORETICULAR TISSUES
10. Introduction to Haematopoietic System and
Disorders of Erythroid Series 156
11. Disorders of Platelets, Bleeding Disorders and
Basic Transfusion Medicine 185
12. Disorders of Leucocytes and Lymphoreticular Tissues 197
SECTION III: SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
13. The Blood Vessels and Lymphatics 230
14. The Heart 249
15. The Respiratory System 281
16. The Eye, ENT and Neck 314
17. The Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands 328
18. The Gastrointestinal Tract 340
19. The Liver, Biliary Tract and Exocrine Pancreas 381
20. The Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract 425
21. The Male Reproductive System and Prostate 466
22. The Female Genital Tract 482
23. The Breast 507
24. The Skin 519
25. The Endocrine System 536
26. The Musculoskeletal System 569
27. Soft Tissue Tumours 590
28. The Nervous System 601
APPENDICES
Appendix I: Basic Diagnostic Cytology 622
Appendix II: Answers to Clinical Cases 635
Appendix III: Normal Values 643
Index 651
Abbreviations Used
Throughout the book following abbreviations have been used:
G/A for Gross Appearance.
M/E for Microscopic Examination.
EM for Electron Microscopy.
IF for Immunofluorescence Microscopy.
tahir99 - UnitedVRGIntroduction to Pathology
1
Chapter 1
STUDY OF PATHOLOGY (p. 1)
The word ‘Pathology’ is derived from two Greek words—pathos (meaning
suffering) and logos (meaning study). Pathology is, thus, scientific study of
changes in the structure and function of the body in disease.
For the student of any system of medicine, the discipline of pathology
forms a vital bridge between initial learning phase of preclinical sciences and
the final phase of clinical subjects.
HEALTH AND DISEASE (p. 1)
In simple language, disease is opposite of health i.e. what is not healthy
is disease. Health may be defined as a condition when the individual is in
complete accord with the surroundings, while disease is loss of ease (or
comfort) to the body (i.e. dis+ease).
COMMON TERMS IN PATHOLOGY (p. 1)
It is important for a beginner in pathology to be familiar with the language
used in pathology:
Patient is the person affected by disease.
Lesions are the characteristic changes in tissues and cells produced by
disease in an individual or experimental animal.
Pathologic changes or morphology consist of examination
of diseased
tissues. These can be recognised with the naked eye (gross or macroscopic
changes) or are studied by microscopic examination of tissues.
Causal factors responsible for the lesions are included in etiology of
disease (i.e. ‘why’ of disease).
Mechanism by which the lesions are produced is termed pathogenesis
of disease (i.e. ‘how’ of disease).
Functional implications of the lesion felt by the patient are symptoms
and those discovered by the clinician are the physical signs.
Clinical significance of the morphologic and functional changes together
with results of other investigations which help to arrive at an answer to what
is wrong (diagnosis), what is going to happen (prognosis), what can be done
about it (treatment), and finally what should be done to avoid complications
and spread (prevention) (i.e. ‘what’ of disease).
EVOLUTION OF PATHOLOGY (p. 2)
Pathology as the scientific study of disease processes has its deep roots in
medical history. Pathology has evolved over the years as a distinct discipline
from anatomy, medicine and surgery, in that sequence.
PREHISTORIC TIMES TO MEDIEVAL PERIOD (p. 2)
Present-day knowledge of primitive culture which was prevalent in the
world in prehistoric times reveals that religion, magic and medical treatment
were quite linked to each other in those times. The link between medicine
and religion became so firmly established throughout the world that
different societies had their gods and goddesses of healing; for example: [Show Less]