World Health Organization
A specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health
Center for Disease
... [Show More] Control
The United States contribution to (WHO)
Protects US public health.
emerging infectious disease
New to human population or has shown an increase in prevalence in thee last 20 years.
reemerging infectious disease
A disease that's increasing in frequency after a previous period of decline.
Biological Vector
Carries pathogen from one host to another after becoming infected itself.
Usually Insects
Mechanical Vector
An animal that carries a pathogen on its body from one host to another, not as an infection.
Vehicle Transmission
Transmission of pathogens through vehicles such as water, food, air.
indirect contact transmission
Involves inanimate objects called foaminess that become contaminated by pathogens from an infected individual or reservoir.
direct contact transmission
person to person transmission
intermidiate host
Parasite goes through several immature life cycle stages or reproduces asexually
Definitive Host
host in which parasite reaches sexual maturity
asymtomatic carrier
Active carriers who do not present signs or symptoms despite infection.
Active Carrier
An infected individual who can transmit the disease to others.
Passive Carrier
Contaminated with the pathogen and can mechanically transfer to another host.
Carrier not infected!
Carrier
An individual capable of transmitting a pathogen without displaying symptoms.
Reservoirs
Where pathogens normally reside to persist over long periods of time.
Can be living or nonliving.
Continuous common source spread
the infection occurs for an extended period of time
Intermittent source spread
infections occur for a period, stop, and then begin again.
Point source spread
common source operates for a time period shorter than the incubation period of the disease
Propagated spread
occurs through direct or indirect person-to-person contact
no single source for infection.
Common Source spread
Infectious disease in which there is a single source for all thee individuals infected.
Pandemic Disease
epidemic disease that occurs worldwide
Epidemic Disease
disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time
Endemic Disease
disease constantly present at a low level in a population in a given area.
Sporadic Disease
disease that occurs occasionally in a population, usually without graphic concentration
Incidence
the number or proportion of new cases in a period of time.
Prevalence
The number or proportion of cases of a particular illness in a population at a given time.
Mortality
death
Morbidity
state of being diseased
Etiology
The study of causes of disease
Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
Robert Koch
developed four criteria known as Koch's postulates, which had to be met in order to positively link a disease with a pathogenic microbe.
John Snow
known as the father of epidemiology
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
Considered the founder of organized, professional nursing.
--She is best known for her contributions to the reforms in the British Army Medical Corps, improved sanitation in India, improved public health in Great Britain, use of statistics to document health outcomes, and the development of organized training for nurses.
Joseph Lister
Began using disinfectants and antiseptics during surgery
descriptive epidemiology
The aspect of epidemiology concerned with organizing and summarizing health-related data according to time, place, and person
analytical epidemiology
analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause
observational study
observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses
retrospective studies
A study that monitors people who have been exposed to an environmental hazard at some time in the past.
cohort studies
the study of a group of people who share a common characteristic and move forward in time as a unit
experimental epidemiology
begins with a hypothesis about a particular disease; experiments to test the hypothesis are then conducted with a group of people
reservoirs
a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.
dormancy
A period when an organism's growth or activity stops [Show Less]