1. Select the neurotransmitter involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in
children and adolescents based on the common comorbidity of tic
... [Show More] disorders
A Norepinephrine
B GABA
.
C
Dopamine
.
D Acetylcholine
Answer:
Dopamine
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is linked to defects in the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical (CSTC)
circuitry, which may be linked to neurotransmitter dysregulation throughout this network. Serotonin,
dopamine, glutamate, and -aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the main neurotransmitters throughout the
CSTC.
Compulsive behaviors linked to OCD are likely the product of a related dopaminergic reward
system dysfunction. Continuous ventral striatum activation may lead to an undirected expectation of
reward. Anxiety and a desire to fill the gap are caused by unfulfilled expectations.
Step-by-Step explanation
References
Richter, M. A., De Jesus, D. R., Hoppenbrouwers, S., Daigle, M., Deluce, J., Ravindran, L. N., ... &
Daskalakis, Z. J. (2019). Evidence for cortical inhibitory and excitatory dysfunction in obsessive
compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37(5), 1144-1151.
Pittenger, C., Krystal, J. H., & Coric, V. (2016). Glutamate-modulating drugs as novel
pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. NeuroRx, 3(1), 69-81.
1 points
QUESTION 2
1. Select the class of drugs most effective in treating pain disorder.
Answer:
A Opioid analgesics
.
B TCA and SSRI
. antidepressants
C Beta-adrenergic
. blockers
D
Mood stabilizers
.
Opioids analgesics
QUESTION 1
1. Select the neurotransmitter involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in
children and adolescents based on the common comorbidity of tic disorders.
Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University Exam Year 2021
Opioid analgesics are drugs that function on opioid receptors that are used to alleviate pain. Weak opioid
analgesics are often used to describe compound analgesics that combine acetaminophen with low levels
of codeine or tramadol. Opioid analgesics, which include oxycodone, hydrocodone, and codeine, can be
used to relieve mild to extreme acute pain.
Opioids are medications that are chemically similar to, but more potent than, the body's own pain
relievers (endorphins). They operate by binding to receptors on cells, primarily in the brain, spinal cord, and
gastrointestinal tract.
Step-by-Step explanation
References
Andrieu, G., Amrouni, H., Robin, E., Carnaille, B., Wattier, J. M., Pattou, F., ... & Lebuffe, G. (2017).
Analgesic efficacy of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block administered before thyroid surgery under
general anaesthesia. British journal of anaesthesia, 99(4), 561-566.
Mangione, M. P., & Crowley-Matoka, M. (2018). Improving pain management communication:
how patients understand the terms "opioid" and "narcotic". Journal of general internal medicine, 23(9),
1336.
1 points
QUESTION 3
1. Select the most commonly occurring eating disorder.
Answer:
A Anorexia
. nervosa
B Bulimia
. nervosa
C
Purging
.
D Binge
.
A. Anorexia Nervosa
Step-by-Step explanation
Anorexia nervosa is one eating disorder that most people have heard of. People with anorexia often starve
themselves in order to achieve an unattainable ideal of thinness. This condition, like many eating disorders,
tends to affect more women than men
QUESTION 4
1. Select the disorder in which inflicting injury to self or others is common.
A Pain
B
Conversion
.
C Somatic
. symptom
D Factitious
.
Factitious disorder is a serious mental disorder in which someone deceives others by appearing sick, by purposely
getting sick or by self-injury.
QUESTION 5
1. Select two imaging methods used to study anxiety disorders.
A CT
.
B TM
. S
C MRI
.
D EKG
.
QUESTION 6
1. Select the two factors that do not cause dissociative amnesia.
A Sexual
. abuse
B Substance
. abuse
C
Surgical pain
.
D Partner
. betrayal
Answer:
A .
Step-by-Step explanation
The correct answer is;
A. Sexual abuse D.
Partner betrayal
Substance abuse and surgical pain can cause dissociative amnesia.
Dissociative amnesia is a disorder in which a person loses track of vital details from their past. This
forgetfulness can be limited to a few key areas (thematic), or it might encompass a large portion of a
person's life history and/or identity (general).
Drug and alcohol usage not only raises the risk of having a co-occurring or comorbid substance use
disorder, but it can also intensify dissociative amnesia symptoms.
Dissociative disorders are essential to the pain physician because persistent pain can be
Reference
accompanied with dissociative symptoms. A disruption in the integrated functions of
consciousness, memory, identity, or perception characterizes dissociative disorders.
Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University Exam Year 2021
1 points
1 points
1 points
QUESTION 9
1. Select the greatest impediment to treating anorexia nervosa patients.
Wagener, D. (2019, September 5). Treatment for dissociative amnesia and substance abuse. American
Addiction Centers. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/dissociative- disorders/amnesia-substanceabuse-treat
QUESTION 7
1. Select the correct epidemiologic fact about major depression in children and
adolescents.
A There is a 20% incidence by age 18
.
B The incidence is equal in adolescent females and males
.
C There is a decreased incidence after 20
.
D The incidence is five- to ten-fold greater in children with a parent or sibling
. with major depression
Answer:
A. There is 20% incidence by age of 18 years.
Step-by-Step explanation
Depression takes place at an estimated rate of around two percent during childhood and from four to
around seven percent in time of the adolescence stage. This mental illness is a top cause of health
impairment called the morbidity and death also known as mortality which is increasing rapidly every time.
Depression is common in time of teenage years, having impacts on about 20%of adolescents by the time
they reach adulthood, that is the age of 18.
Reference.
Jacobs, R. H., Reinecke, M. A., Gollan, J. K., & Kane, P. (2008). Empirical evidence of cognitive
vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: A cognitive science and developmental
perspective. Clinical psychology review, 28(5), 759-782.
QUESTION 8
1. Select the brain region that is most implicated in the function of memory.
A Hippocampu
. s
B Temporal
. lobe
C Amygdala
.
D Corpus
. callosum
Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University Exam Year 2021
1 points
A Drug adverse effects
.
B Variability of family
. therapy
C Patient resistance
.
D Noncompliance with
. therapy
Answer; C) Patient resistance
Step-by-Step explanation
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a chronic illness in which sufferers experience a slew of negative consequences
in a variety of areas of their lives as a result of their low weight and restrictive food intake. Given these
negative consequences, which are visible in physical, emotional, and social dimensions, it can be tempting
to dismiss the condition entirely. As a result, AN sufferers' inability to pursue, continue, or participate in
care may also be perplexing from an outsider's perspective. This ego-syntonic perspective is most prevalent
in anorexia nervosa. When an eating disorder is experienced as ego-syntonic, there is little to no desire to
alter the habits, resulting in high levels of medication resistance that worsens over time. The egosyntonic
aspect of the disease, in which individuals with anorexia nervosa esteem their condition, is a major issue
for clinicians treating the illness. This hinders encouragement for rehabilitation and involvement with care.
The aim of this review article is to explain the essence of egosyntonicity in anorexia nervosa by examining
both qualitative and quantitative studies on the topic, and, more importantly, to present strategies for
overcoming this impediment to recovery in anorexia nervosa care.
Therefore, we can conclude that, the greatest impediment to treating anorexia nervosa patients
is option C, Patient resistance.
References
The Egosyntonic nature of anorexia: An impediment to recovery in anorexia nervosa treatment. (2019,
January 14). PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved April 6, 2021, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743910/
Patient resistance in eating disorders. (2014, September 24). Psychiatric Times.
Retrieved April 6, 2021, from https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/patient-resistance-eating-disorders
Perplexities of treatment resistence in eating disorders. (2013, November 7). BMC Psychiatry.
Retrieved April 6, 2021, from https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471- 244X13-292
QUESTION 10
1. Select the most common sleep disorder.
A Parasomni
. a
B Hypersom
. nia
C Insomnia
.
D Apnea
Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University Exam Year 2021
1 points
.
Answer:
c. Insomnia
Step-by-Step explanation
Insomnia refers to the inability to stay asleep and fall asleep. It the most common sleeping disease.
Markedly, narcolepsy triggers extreme sleepiness during the daytime, while hypersomnia involves the
inability to remain awake in the day. The others are severe but less common than insomnia. For instance,
apnea affects frequent breathing when one is sleeping. Parasomnia leads to unusual behavior when
sleeping that can happen at any stage and time of sleep. It may include the transition from sleeping to
wakefulness, talking, moving around, and doing abnormal things while asleep.
Reference;
Morin, C. M., Drake, C. L., Harvey, A. G., Krystal, A. D., Manber, R., Riemann, D., &
Spiegelhalder, K. (2015). Insomnia disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1(1), 1-18.
QUESTION 11
1. Select the percentage of untreated PTSD patients who recover after one year.
A 10
. %
B 20
. %
C 30
. %
D 50
. %
Answer:
PTSD
Data compiled by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs' National Center for PTSD indicate thatroughly
half of all American women and more than half of all American men will experience traumatic situations
associated with the later onset of post-traumatic stress disorder. However, much smaller numbers of men
and women will actually develop the disorder. Specific traumas linked to the condition include combat
participation, being present in a combat zone, adult exposure to physical or sexual attacks, childhood
exposure to physical or sexual abuse, exposureto severe floods or other national disasters, exposure to lifethreatening accidents and exposure to life-threatening physical illness. For a number of reasons, a woman
exposed to severe mental/emotional trauma has higher chances of developing PTSD than a man exposed to
such trauma. Doctors can't diagnose PTSD in a person who has undergone a highly traumatic experience
within a period of 30 days. Instead, they diagnose the condition in people who continue to experience
symptoms after 30 days or only show the first signs of a damaging stress reaction after 30 days. Specific
symptoms of the condition include nightmares or flashbacks that involuntarily recall a traumatic situation,
an excessive state of mental arousal stemming from an overactive "fight-or-flight" response, avoidance of
anything that serves as a trauma reminder and an ongoing or recurring negative outlook that impairs dayto-day functionality.
Step-by-Step explanation
How Often Do Adults Recover?
In the study review published in Clinical Psychology Review, researchers from the Netherlands' University
of Amsterdam and Tilburg University and the United Kingdom's Queen Mary University
Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University Exam Year 2021
1 points
of London used data gathered from 42 previously conducted studies to determine how often people
diagnosed with PTSD recover 10 months or more after receiving their initial diagnosis if they don't receive
treatment geared toward their condition. The studies under consideration included 81,642 adults diagnosed
with the disorder. On average, the studies looked at the outcomes for untreated PTSD patients over the
course of 40 months. The researchers looked at the numbers of people who no longer had diagnosable
cases of PTSD; they considered cases of "spontaneous" remission rather than cases of remission stemming
from PTSD-specific treatment. At the low end, the recovery rate for the participants of one study was just 8
percent; at the high end, the recovery rate for the participants of another study was 89 percent. All told, 44
percent of the participants in all of the studies recovered from their condition and no longer qualified for a
PTSD diagnosis. The study's authors note that the highest rates of spontaneous recovery apparently occur
among people exposed to natural disaster-related trauma; conversely, the lowest rates of recovery
apparently occur among people exposed to physical illness-related trauma. They also note that people
diagnosed with PTSD fairly soon after developing their symptoms typically have higher chances of
recovering spontaneously than people diagnosed after exhibiting symptoms for extended amounts of time.
The authors believe their findings contribute considerably to the understanding of PTSD recovery, as well
as the understanding of the lasting effects of specific sources of PTSD. It's critically important to point out
that no one can tell who will naturally recover from the condition; for this reason, all affected individuals
should seek prompt treatment from qualified mental health professionals.
https://www.recoveryranch.com/addiction-blog/who-is-most-likely-to-recover-from-ptsd-withouttreatment/
Significance
Trauma disorders are a common and costly problem in the United States. An estimated 5.2 million
American adults ages 18 to 54, or approximately 3.6 percent of people in this age group in a given year,
have PTSD. In 1990, anxiety disorders cost the U.S. an estimated $46.6 billion.
Untreated PTSD from any trauma is unlikely to disappear and can contribute to chronic pain, depression,
drug and alcohol abuse and sleep problems that impede a person's ability to work and interact with
others.
According to psychologist R.C. Kessler's findings from The National Cormorbidity Survey Report (NCS)
that examined over 8,000 individuals between the ages of 15 to 54, almost 8 % of adult Americans will
experience PTSD at some point in their lives, with women (10.4%) twice as likely to be victims as men
(5%). [Show Less]