NURS 663 Exam 1 - Questions and Answers (Maryville University) Sensory-Motor Period Piaget: 0-2yrs object permanence by 2y/o; requires the ability to
... [Show More] form a mental representation (i.e., a schema) of the object. Respond to stimuli; new people; Response patterns: hand to mouth Searches for hidden objects understands causes not visible Pre-operational Stage Piaget: 2 to 7 years punishment for bad deeds is unavoidable (immanent justice) think about things symbolically: a word or an object - stand for something other than itself. Egocentric: you do it too; difficulty taking another view point. Animistic: I'm afraid of the moon Lack of hierarchy: where do the blocks go Centration: I want it now! Irreversibility: I don't know how to go back there Tranducive reasoning: go the way Daddy goes 5-6 get humor; do chores 6-7 good memory, solve problems Concrete Operations Period Piaget: 7 to 11 years can think logically but still learn best from direct experience. thought is logical and reversible; the child understands classes, relationships, and part-whole relationships dealing with concrete things. understanding of conservation and reversibility: conserve number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9). Understand hierarchies Formal (abstract) Operational stage Piaget: 11 years to adulthood—development of logic and reasoning and second-order thoughts: thinking about thoughts. the ability to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses. Problem-solving is systematized and organized manner, rather than through trial-and-error Avoid things based on supposition of neg consequences Trust vs. Mistrust Erickson: Infancy to 18 mo If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust; dependent on primary caregiver attachment Hope temporal perspective vs time confusion mutual recognition vs autistic isolation psychopathology: psychosis, addiction, depression Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Erikson: 18 mo-3 yrs learns to exercise will and to do things independently. Holding on and letting go: speech, sphincter and muscle control Will Will to be oneself vs doubt Self-certainty vs self-consciousness psychopath: paranoia, obsessions, compulsions, impulsivity Initiative vs. Guilt Erikson: 3-5 yrs independence in planning, playing and other activities. beginnings of super-ego, conscience in failure of the oedipal quest Purpose Anticipation of roles vs role inhibition Role experimentation vs role fixation psychopath: conversion disorder, inhibition Industry vs. Inferiority Erikson: 5 and 13 yrs learns to be productive, work with others, division of labor, acquisition of tools, identification with teachers and occupations. Competence Task ID vs sense of futility Apprenticeship vs work paralysis If earlier stages fail or interruption of this stage: inadequacy and inferiority psychopath: creative inhibition, inertia Identity vs. role confusion Erikson: 13-21 yrs teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves. Comparison of self as viewed by others vs as viewed by self. Social roles important Fidelity psychopath: delinquent behavior; gender-related identity; borderline psychotic episodes Intimacy vs. Isolation Erikson: 21-40 yrs stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families. Make and honor commitments To love and to work Love Sexual polarization vs bisexual confusion Psychopath: schizoid personality; distantiation (repudiate, isolate and destroy what is dangerous to one's own) Generativity vs. Stagnation Erikson 40-65 y/o middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service. Guiding the next generation Care leadership and followership vs abdication of responsibility psychopath: midlife crisis, escapism in alcohol, drugs, sex, other infidelities premature invalidism Ego Integrity vs. Despair Erikson: 65+ achieve a sense of integrity of the self by accepting the lives they have lived or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relived. Love in a meaningful way; stop wishing for different Wisdom ideological commitment vs confusion of values psychopath: extreme alienation and despair. Early Adolescence (12-14) striking initial changes: physical, attitude, behavior. Focus shifts away from family and toward peer group; begin to challenge authority; begin experiment with drugs/alcohol/cigs Middle Adolescence (14-16) lifestyle may reflect efforts to pursue independence; abstract reasoning, realistic decision-making and application of social judgment put to the test. Sexual behavior intensifies. Self-esteem pivotal for risk-taking. Omnipotence and underestimation of risk taking; drive for autonomy Late Adolescence (17-19) Exploration of personal tastes, academic activities, athletics and social bonds lead toward greater self-definition Developmental milestones: 2mo: Soc: begins to smile; can calm self, tries to look at parent Lang: Coos, Turns head toward sounds; raising head and chest when lying on stomach Cognitive: Attends to faces; follow things with eyes, recognize people at a distance; act bored (cries, fussy) if activity doesn't change Movement/Physical Development: hold head up and begins to push up when lying on tummy; smoother movements with arms and legs Developmental milestones: 4mo: Social and Emotional: Smiles spontaneously, cry when playing stops; Copies some: smiling or frowning, movement Language/Communication: babble with expression; copies sounds he hears Cries different: hunger, pain, or being tired Cognitive: shows happy or sad; Responds to affection Reaches for toy one hand; eye/hand coord; watches/follows with eyes; Recognizes at a distance Movement/Physical Development: Holds head unsupported; Pushes down on legs when feet are on a hard surface; roll over; hold or swing at toys; Brings hands to mouth; pushes up to elbows Developmental milestones: 6mo: Social and Emotional: familiar and stranger distinction; responds to other's emotions; look at self in a mirror Language/Communication Responds to sounds by making sounds, pleasure/displeasure; vowels/consonants together; responds to name. Cognitive: Looks around, things to mouth; curiosity to get things that are out of reach; pass things from one hand to the other Movement/Physical Development Rolls over in both directions; sit without support; supports weight on legs and might bounce; Rocks back and forth Developmental milestones: 9mo: Social and Emotional: afraid of strangers; clingy; favorite toys Language/Communication understands "no"; many sounds; Copies others verb/action; fingers to point at things Cognitive: Watches the path of something as it falls; Looks for things she sees you hide; peek-a-boo; Puts things in his mouth Moves things smoothly from one hand to the other; Picks up things like cereal o's between thumb and index finger Movement/Physical Development: Stands, holding on; get into sitting position ; Sits without support; Pulls to stand; Crawls Developmental milestones: 12mo: Social and Emotional: shy or nervous with stranger; favorite things and people; situational fear; communicate with gestures and sounds; Language/ Communication: Responds to simple spoken requests; copies and uses simple gestures, "no"; "bye-bye"; sounds more like speech; "mama" and "dada";"uh-oh!"; repeats heard speech Cognitive; Explores like shaking, banging, throwing; Finds hidden things easily; Looks at named thing; use things correctly: drinks from a cup, brushes hair; Lets things go without help [Show Less]