public health - ✔✔ science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized efforts and informed choices of
... [Show More] society, organizations, communities, and individuals
public health distinguished from other specialties - ✔✔ -focus on populations/communities or groups w/I populations
-goal is to promote health and prevent disease of populations (upstream approach)
-outcome is healthy communities/populations
public health 3 core functions and services - ✔✔ 1. assessment: monitor health, diagnose and investigate
2. policy development: inform, educate, empower, mobilize community partnerships, develop policies
3. Assurance: enforce laws, link to/provide care, assure competent workforce, evaluate
upstream thinking - ✔✔ focus is NOT to treat disease after it occurs
-it is to critically analyze why disease occurs and use the knowledge to prevent disease
-modifying economic , political, and environmental factors to support better health outcomes "downstream"
levels of prevention - ✔✔ 1. primary=prevention of problems before they occur, health promotion (immunizations)
2. secondary=early detection and intervention (screenings)
3. tertiary=correction of disease state, limit disabilities (shelters after tornado)
healthy people 2020 and goals - ✔✔ national health promotion and disease prevention initiative
-goals: high quality longer lives, high equity and eliminate disparities, create social and physical envts that promote good health, and promote quality of life and healthy behaviors
health - ✔✔ -medical model: absence of disease and presence of high levels of function
-holistic model: state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
-wellness model: extent to which individual/group able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs and to change w/ envt. health is resource for everyday life
health promotion - ✔✔ process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health. moves toward wide range of social and environmental interventions
risk - ✔✔ chance or probability that disease, deterioration of disease status, or injury will occur
risk factors - ✔✔ -non-modifiable: age, sex, genetics
-modifiable: smoking, physical activity, diet
common risk factors: diet - ✔✔ -4-5 servings fresh fruit and veggies, frozen next best (rinse canned veggies d/t Na)
-50% grains should be whole
-fiber=whole fruits, beans
-saturated fats=solid room temp
-sodium <2300 mg
-cook w/ canola oils (olive oil burns at high temp)
-alcohol= women 1 drink or less, men 2 drinks
APPROACHES: dietary assessment w/ diet log, cultural influences
portion sizes - ✔✔ 1 cup veggies/fruit= baseball
-3 oz meat, fish=deck of cards
-1 single serving bagel=hockey puck
-1 oz cheese= 3 dice
-1 med. baked potato= computer mouse
common risk factor: physical activity - ✔✔ -30 min of moderate aerobic activity at least 5 days/wk
OR
-25 min of vigorous aerobic at least 3 days/wk
AND
-moderate to high intensity muscle strengthening at least 2 days/wk
-educate about benefits of physical activity: increase life span, mental health, low risk CVD, DM, CA, hip fx, arthritis pain lower, reduce fall risk
-educate supportive factors
-population level: create walkable cities, community walks/runs, programs at schools, safety
common risk fx: smoking - ✔✔ -explore concerns (weight gain, stress)
-discuss alternatives/supports (stress reduction techniques, support groups)
-emphasize health benefits
-use 5 A's!
*Ask* about tobacco at every visit
*Advise* tobacco users quit
*Assess* readiness to quit
*Assist* with quit plan
*Arrange* follow up visit
-have set quit date w/I 2 weeks
-remove all products from home
-ask why previous attempts didn't work
-population approaches: flavor bans, restrict marketing, tobacco tax, insurance penalties, campaigns [Show Less]