NUR 209 MIDTERM EXAM WITH ANSWERS
NMT: Infants and Children - ans-- salivation starts at 3 mnth of age
- children have 20 temporary deciduous
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Throat - ans-Tonsils: mass of lymphoid tissue, same color as surround muscus membrane, more glandular deep crypts on surface
- oral cavity and throat have rich vascular network
Mouth - ans-- Hard-palate: bone whitish color
- lips; transition zone
- soft palate: pinker mobile arch of muscle
- uvula: free projection hanging down middle soft plate
- cheeks: side wall of oral cavity
- tongue: mass of striated
- papillae: rough bumps elevations (dorsal)
- vallate papillae: inverted v-shape, posterior tongue
- Frenulum: connects tongue to mouth floor
- Parotid gland (stensens duct): submandibular gland (Wharton's duct), sublingual gland
- secretes saliva, moistens/libricates food, starts digestion, cleans + protects mucosa
Functions of Skin - ans-- Protection from mechanical, chemical, thermal damage
- Barrier to invasion of microorganisms
- Sensory surface- touch, temperature, pain
- Regulates temp through sweating
- Cell replacement for wound repair
- Identification: facial features, skin/hair color, fingerprints
SHN: Social Determiants - ans-- Awareness of normal bicultural differences and ability to recognize unique clinical manifestations of disease are especially important for people with dark pigmentation
- related to variation in skin pigmentation and hair texture
- genetic advantage to dark pigmentation accounts for lower incidence of skin cancer among those of african, indian, or aboriginal descent.
- variation in sexual skin areas affected by humans
- environmental adaptions affecting sweat glands
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SHN: Subjective Data - ans-- change in skin pigmentation, change in mole, brusing, itching, rash, meds, hair loss, change in nails, self-care behaviours, previous history of skin disease
Epidermis - ans-- rugged protective barrier
- outermost layer of skin
- basal cell layer: forms new skin cells, made of keratin cels, produces melanin
- horny cell layer: consists of dead keratinized cells
- skin is replaced every 4 weeks
Skin pigment sources - ans-- Brown pigment melanin
- yellow/orange pigment
- red/purple tones of underlying vascular bed
Dermis - ans-- consists of connective tissue or collagen
- elastic tissue that allows the body to stretch with movements
- nerves, sensory receptors, lymphatic vessel, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands all lie in dermis
Skin Color Change - ans-- Pallor: white, decreased hematocrit
- Erythema: intensely red, increased blood flow through engorged arterioles
- Cyanosis: blueish tint, increased amount of unoxygenated blood
- Jaundice: yellow discoloration, indicating rising amounts of bilirubin
Skin Temperature/Moisture - ans-- measure using the dorsal part of hands
- warm, equal bilat
- cold feet and hands are normal.
- hypothermia: generalized coolness
- hyperthermia: fever/infection
- Diaphoresis= sweating
- Dehydration= dry
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SHN Normal Findings - ans-- Texture: smooth, firm, even surface
- Thickness: thin except palms/soles
- Edema: Normally skin resumes smoothness immediately
- Mobility and Turgor: mobility is the ease of skin risking, turgor is the ability to go back into place
- Brusing should be consistant with life
- Lesions: color, elevation, shape/pattern, size, location, exudate
- Hair is light blond to black
- Hair texture is fine, thin, curly
- Nails: slightly curved or flat, smooth, rounded 160, convex, uniform thickness
- cap refill returns instantly
Self-Examination - ans-- A: asymmetry
- B: border irregularity
- C: color variation
- D: diameter greater than 6mm
- E: evolution
Hair - ans-- threads of keratin
- hair shaft is visible, root is below surface
- root=bulb matrix, new cells produced
- Arrector pilli- goose bumps
- vellus hair- fine, faint, most of body
- terminal hair= coarse thick hair, eyebrows, axillae, pubic
Nails - ans-- hard plates of keratin
- plate=clear with longitudinal ridges
- pink color from underlying nail bed
- white semilunar area at end of nail [Show Less]