NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University
1. •Neither recessive nor
... [Show More] dominant—co-dominant.
• Hemoglobin S causes erythrocytes to be abnormally shaped.
• Abnormal erythrocytes carry less oxygen and clog vessels, causing hypoxia and tissue ischemia.
Exercise-induced asthma
Chronic Bronchitis
Sickle Cell Anemia
Occupational asthma
2. blood flow reestablished to quickly
Distributive shock
Anaphylactic shock
Reprofusion injury
spinal cord injury
3. •Life-threatening complication of many conditions
• Results from an inappropriate immune response
• Widespread coagulation followed by massive bleeding because of the depletion of clotting factors
• Complications: shock and multisystem organ failure
Disseminated intravascular coagulation - DIC
Chronic Bronchitis Manifestations and Treatment
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation DIC
Traumatic Brain Injury Complications
4. thyroid gland - T3, T4, calcitonin parathyroid gland - parathyroid hormone
during acute respiratory failure
stress incontinence
secondary brain injury
Glands that regulate calcium
5. altered level of consciousness BP drops
HR goes up hypotensive
Glands that regulate calcium
spinal cord injury
shock sighs and symptoms
Reprofusion injury
6. chest pain that occurs while a person is at rest and not exerting himself does not get better
hemorrhagic stroke
Bone electrolytes
sickle cell crisis
unstable angina
7. Abnormally low white blood cell count
• Normal range = 5,000 to 10,000 cells/mL3 blood
beta cells
Leukopenia
Pneumonia
CT scan
8. damage to the alveoli
air can get in, but not out
emphysema lecture
Normal CO2 levels
anemia symptoms
Stabilize the patient
9. Manifestations
• May be vague and develop slowly, or may be sudden and severe.
• Symptoms may improve and then suddenly worsen.
• The outward appearance of the head is not an indication of the injury severity.
• Not being able to recall event details
• Indications of a concussion
• Changes in or unequal pupil size
• Seizures
• Asymmetrical facial features
• Fluid draining from the nose, mouth, or ears
• Fracture of skull or face
• Bruising of face
• Swelling at site of injury
• Scalp wound
• Impaired hearing, smell, taste, speech, or vision
• Inability to move one or more limbs
• Irritability (especially in children)
• Personality changes
• Unusual behavior
• Loss of consciousness
• Bradypnea
• Hypotension
• Restlessness
• Lack of coordination
• Lethargy
• Stiff neck
• Vomiting
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Manifestations and Treatment
Acute Bronchitis Manifestations
Tuberculosis Manifestations and Treatment
Traumatic Brain Injury Manifestations
10. not enough ADH
Alkalosis
Stable Angina
spinal cord injury
diabetes insipidus
11. -Homozygous.
-Most severe.
-Almost all erythrocytes are sickled.
Cushing's syndrome
sickle cell crisis
Sickle cell disease
Normal CO2 levels
12. •Frequently caused by aspirin—prevents the conversion of prostaglandins, which stimulate leukotriene release, a powerful bronchoconstrictor.
• Can be fatal.
• Reactions can be delayed up to 12 hours after drug ingestion.
Acute Bronchitis
Drug-induced asthma
stress incontinence
Tuberculosis TB
13. pulmonary edema, wet coughing, shortness of breath, and dyspnea
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Left sided heart failure symptoms
Right sided heart failure symptoms
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
14. •Result from direct injury to the spinal cord or indirectly from damage to surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels.
• Causes: motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence, sports injuries, and weakening vertebral structures (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis or osteoporosis).
• Direct damage can occur if the spinal cord is pulled, pressed sideways, or compressed.
-This damage may occur if the head, neck, or back twists abnormally during an accident or injury.
• Hemorrhage, fluid accumulation, and edema can occur inside or outside the spinal cord (but within the spinal canal).
• The accumulation of blood or fluid can compress the spinal cord and damage it.
• Spinal shock: temporary suppression of neurologic function because of spinal cord compression; neurologic function gradually returns.
Complications
• Loss of neurologic functioning
• Varying degrees of paralysis
• Cauda equina syndrome: injury to the nerve roots in the area of the cauda equina
• Autonomic hyperreflexia: a massive sympathetic response that can cause headaches, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, stroke, and death; most commonly associated with injuries above T6
• Neurogenic shock: an abnormal vasomotor response secondary to disruption of sympathetic impulses
• Respiratory failure
• Effects of immobility (e.g., constipation, pulmonary infections, urinary infections, thrombus, impaired skin integrity, contractures)
• Changes in bowel and bladder function
• Sexual dysfunction
• Chronic pain
• Death
Normal HCO3 levels
Spinal Cord Injury
Sickle Cell Anemia
Myocardial Infarction
15. high blood pressure damages two organs
beta cells
Liver failure
spinal cord injury
heart and kidneys
16. -Tends to be more sudden and severe
-Causes: renal disease, adrenal gland tumors, certain congenital heart defects, certain medications, and illegal
drugs
stress incontinence
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Chronic Bronchitis
Secondary hypertension
17. •Chronic inflammatory disease characterized by thickening and hardening of the arterial wall.
• Inflammatory process is triggered by a vessel wall injury.
• Lesions develop on the vessel wall and calcify over time.
• Leads to vessel obstruction, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction
• Complications: peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, thrombi, hypertension, and stroke
• Manifestations: asymptomatic until complications develop
• Treatment: similar to dyslipidemia with the addition of angioplasty, bypass, laser procedures, and artherectomy
Atherosclerosis
Lobar pneumonia
Tuberculosis TB
Hypertension
18. kidney injury and prerenal injury can lead to
hemostasis
asthma
bleeding
seizure signs
19. •Second most common blood cancer
• Cancer of the leukocytes
• Leukemia cells abnormally proliferate, crowding normal blood cells
Pneumonia
Leukemia
Thalassemia
hypoatremia
20. •Increased volume in the cranial cavity
• Causes: traumatic brain injury, tumor, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, and hemorrhage
coronary artery disease (CAD)
Tuberculosis Secondary Infection
Leukemia Manifestations and Treatment
Increased Intracranial Pressure
21. Thalassemia major is the most severe form of beta thalassemia. It develops when beta globin genes are missing. The symptoms of thalassemia major generally appear before a child's second birthday. The severe anemia related to this condition can be life-threatening.
Polycythemia Manifestations and Treatment
Hemophilia A
Thalassemia major
Sickle Cell Anemia
22. Left ventricle cannot maintain adequate cardiac output.
Cardiogenic shock
Nosocomial pneumonia
Anaphylactic shock
esophageal varices
23. decreased blood volume
alpha cells
Encephilitis
Hypovolemic shock
Hypovolemia
24. •Blue bloaters"
• Characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, a productive cough, and excessive mucus production
• Complications: frequent respiratory infections and respiratory failure
Chronic Bronchitis
Occupational asthma
Intrinsic asthma
Acute Bronchitis
25. •Prolonged elevation in blood pressure.
• Excessive cardiac workload due to vasoconstriction, which leads to increased afterload.
• Vasoconstriction decreases renal blood flow, leading to inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system.
• Hypertension can be classified into systolic or diastolic based on which measure is elevated.
seizure signs
Hypertension
Emphysema
Tuberculosis TB
26. strokes caused by blockage in a blood vessel in the brain Ischemic damage is permanent
cystic fibrosis
Ischemic strokes
unstable angina
Thrombocytopenia
27. •Staging
-Stage I: The lymphoma cells are in one lymph node group or one part of a tissue or an organ.
-Stage II: The lymphoma cells are in at least two lymph node groups on the same side of the diaphragm, or the lymphoma cells are in one part of a tissue or an organ and the lymph nodes near that organ.
-Stage III: The lymphoma cells are in lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm. Lymphoma cells may be
found in one part of a tissue or an organ near these lymph node groups. Cells may also be found in the spleen.
-Stage IV: Lymphoma cells are found in several parts of one or more organs or tissues, or the lymphoma cells are in an organ and in distant lymph nodes.
-Recurrent: The disease returns after treatment.
Coronary Artery Disease
Hodgkin's Lymphoma Staging
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
Peripheral Vascular Disease
28. make glucagon - helps raise blood sugar levels
alpha cells
anemia symptoms
hypoatremia
appendicitis
29. has Reed-Sternberg cells
tension pneumothorax
Cushing's syndrome
Normal HCO3 levels
Hodgkin's lymphoma
30. •Manifestations: dyspnea, labored and shallow respirations, rales, productive cough with frothy sputum, hypoxia, cyanosis, fever, hypotension, tachycardia, restlessness, confusion, lethargy, and anxiety
• Treatment: endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilator, oxygen therapy, corticosteroids, antibiotics (if bacterial infections are present), and emboli precautions
Alzheimer's Disease Manifestations and Treatment
Cystic Fibrosis Manifestations and Treatment
Emphysema Manifestations and Treatment
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Manifestations and Treatment
31. inflammation of the meninges
menigitis
Balance
pnemonia
Alkalosis
32. damage to the brain caused by a different disorder injury responding to something else
multiple sclerosis
secondary brain injury
Traumatic Brain Injury
contact dermatitis
33. Another word for homeostasis
Balance
Stable Angina
Encephilitis
menigitis
34. No Reed-Sternberg cells
Lobar pneumonia
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
tension pneumothorax
metastatic cancer
35. objective evidence of disease such as a fever
sign
Shock
Ventilation
CT scan
36. Primary Infection
-When bacillus first enters the body.
-Macrophages engulf the microbe, causing a local inflammatory response.
-Some bacilli travel to the lymph nodes, activating the type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
-Granuloma and tubercle forms.
-Caseous necrosis and Ghon complexes develops.
-Bacilli can remain dormant for years.
-Usually asymptomatic.
Will test positive now.
Tuberculosis Primary Infection
Tuberculosis Secondary Infection
Traumatic Brain Injury Complications
Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosis and Treatment
37. •Caused by a reaction to substances at work.
• Symptoms develop over time, worsening with each exposure and improving when away from work.
stress incontinence
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Occupational asthma
cerebral palsy
38. •Debilitating chronic disorders characterized by irreversible, progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction.
• Severe hypoxia and hypercapnia can lead to respiratory failure.
• Oxygen begins to drive breathing. Can also lead to cor pulmonale.
• Causes: smoking, pollution, chemical irritants, and genetic mutation
• Often asymptomatic early or masked by smoking
• Two main conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Polycythemia Manifestations and Treatment
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD
Emphysema Manifestations and Treatment
Chronic Bronchitis
39. shows brain's electrical activity by positioning electrodes over the scalp
Thrombocytopenia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Bone electrolytes
EEG (electroencephalogram)
40. •Vary depending on the degree of damage and the specific nerves affected.
• Characterized by remissions and exacerbations.
• Exacerbations may last for days to months.
• Fever, hot baths, sun exposure, and stress can trigger or worsen these episodes. May progress without remissions.
• Fatigue
• Loss of balance
• Muscle spasms
• Paresthesia or abnormal sensation in any area
• Problems moving arms or legs
• Weakness in one or more arms or legs
• Unsteady gait
• Lack of coordination
• Tremor in one or more arms or legs
• Constipation and stool leakage
• Urinary frequency, urgency, hesitancy, or incontinence
• Vision issues (e.g., diplopia and vision loss)
• Decreased attention span, poor judgment, and memory loss
• Difficulty reasoning and solving problems
• Dizziness
• Hearing loss
• Sexual dysfunction
• Slurred speech Dysphagia
Alzheimer's Disease Manifestations and Treatment
Multiple Sclerosis Manifestations
coronary artery disease (CAD)
Cystic Fibrosis Manifestations and Treatment
41. -Heterozygous.
-Less than half of erythrocytes are sickled.
Stable angina
EKG or 12-lead ECG
Sickle cell trait
Bone electrolytes
42. paralysis caused by damage to the area of the brain responsible for movement no cure
can be first noticed in utero
peripheral artery disease
unstable angina
cerebral palsy
intercranial pressure
43. A condition that occurs when there is widespread dilation of the small arterioles, small venules, or both.
hemorrhagic stroke
stress incontinence
Aspiration pneumonia
Distributive shock
44. make insulin - take glucose into cells
beta cells
Encephilitis
Leukopenia
emphysema lecture
45. •Manifestations
-Typically appear around 4 months of age
-Sickle cell crisis
• Painful episodes that can last for hours to days
• Pain caused by tissue ischemia and necrosis
• Triggered by dehydration, stress, high altitudes, and fever
• Manifestations include abdominal pain, bone pain, dyspnea, delayed growth and development, fatigue, fever, jaundice, pallor, tachycardia, skin ulcers, angina, excessive thirst, frequent urination, priapism, and vision impairment
• Treatment
-No cure, palliative
-Stem cell research showing promise
-Medications (e.g., Hydrea [hydroxyurea])
-Avoid sickling triggers
-Other strategies: oxygen therapy, hydration, pain management, infection control, vaccinations, blood transfusions, bone marrow transplants, genetic counseling
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Manifestations and Treatment
Acute Bronchitis Manifestations
Alzheimer's Disease Manifestations and Treatment
Sickle Cell Anemia Manifestations and Treatment
46. -Acquired outside the hospital or healthcare setting
Stabilize the patient
Community-acquired pneumonia
Nosocomial pneumonia
Potassium and Magnesium
47. -Most common form
-Develops gradually over time
Normal HCO3 levels
Primary hypertension
primary brain injury
Stabilize the patient
48. •Decreased blood volume or circulatory stagnation resulting in inadequate tissue and organ perfusion
Hypovolemia
asthma
Extrinsic asthma
Shock
49. Makes protein
Acidosis
hemostasis
Ribosomes
Alkalosis
50. •Rapidly developing respiratory failure
• Results from fluid accumulation in the alveoli due to a systemic or pulmonary event that is not cardiac in origin
• Causes: shock, burns, aspiration, and smoke inhalation acute hypoxemia
• Complications: respiratory and metabolic acidosis; pulmonary fibrosis; pneumothorax; bacterial infections; decreased lung function, muscle wasting; memory, cognitive, and emotional issues; and death
Acute Bronchitis
Emphysema Manifestations and Treatment
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
51. acidosis
alkalosis respiratory metabolic
Stabilize the patient
Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
nonmodifiable risk factors
52. widespread simultaneous bleeding and clotting
Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC
Community-acquired pneumonia
Interstitial pneumonia or atypical
Ventilation
53. •Result from meningeal irritation and neurologic damage.
• Similar to meningitis but with a more gradual onset.
• Most cases are mild and go undetected.
• Include: flulike symptoms, headache, neck rigidity, confusion, hallucinations, personality changes, diplopia, seizures, muscle weakness, paresthesia or paralysis, loss of consciousness, tremors, abnormal deep tendon reflexes, rash, and bulging fontanel.
Treatment
• Usually self-limiting, requiring no treatment
• Rest
• Adequate nutrition, including plenty of liquids
• Respiratory support
• Reorientation and emotional support
• Analgesics and antipyretics to relieve headaches and fever
• Antiviral agents (if viral)
• Antibiotic therapy (if bacterial)
• Corticosteroids to reduce cerebral edema
• Antiseizure agents
• Sedatives to treat irritability and restlessness
• Physical, speech, and occupational therapy
• Prevention: vaccinations, wearing protective clothing, using mosquito repellant, and eliminating water sources
Tuberculosis Secondary Infection
Encephalitis Manifestations and Treatment
Tuberculosis Primary Infection
Alzheimer's Disease Manifestations and Treatment
54. level of consciousness
Use Glasgow Coma Scale to measure
Meningitis Manifestations and Complications
A sensitive indicator of neurological change
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
EEG (electroencephalogram)
55. What to do if a suspected spinal cord injury
Stabilize the patient
unstable angina
Aspiration pneumonia
Right sided heart failure symptoms
56. oxygen levels are down CO2 levels are up
nonmodifiable risk factors
coronary artery disease (CAD)
Stabilize the patient
during acute respiratory failure
57. •X-linked recessive bleeding disorder
• Deficiency or abnormality of clotting factor VIII
• Varies in severity
• Manifestations: bleeding or indications of bleeding (e.g., bruising, petechia, etc.)
• Treatment: clotting factor transfusions, recombinant clotting factors, desmopressin (DDAVP), and bleed precautions
Extrinsic asthma
Emphysema
Thalassemia
Hemophilia A
58. Venous return reduces because of external blood volume losses.
appendicitis
emphysema lecture
Hypovolemic shock
Nosocomial pneumonia
59. •Manifestations: leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphadenopathy, joint swelling, bone pain, weight loss, anorexia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and central nervous system dysfunction
• Treatment: chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant
Cystic Fibrosis Manifestations and Treatment
Leukemia
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Leukemia Manifestations and Treatment
60. fast metabolism weight loss
thin agitated elevated HR hot
Grave's disease
Tuberculosis Secondary Infection
hyperthyroidism manifestations
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
Chronic lymphoid leukemia
61. a hormone cascade pathway that helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume kidney secretes it
during acute respiratory failure
Disseminated intravascular coagulation - DIC
Coronary Artery Disease Manifestations, Complications
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
62. An inflammation of the skin caused by having contact with allergens
esophageal varices
appendicitis
contact dermatitis
multiple sclerosis
63. Confined to a single lobe
Bronchopneumonia
heart and kidneys
passive immunity
Lobar pneumonia
64. pressure inside the skull swelling in brain
tumor can cause it
Things that can make it worse coughing
sneezing bearing down
hemorrhagic stroke
Aspiration pneumonia
Tuberculosis Primary Infection
intercranial pressure
65. inflammation of the appendix right lower quadrant pain
Encephalitis
Encephilitis
appendicitis
Meningitis
66. -Develops more than 48 hours after a hospital admission
Stabilize the patient
Nosocomial pneumonia
myocardial infarction symptoms
Normal HCO3 levels
67. the gland that secretes ADH Anti-diuretic hormone also called vasopressin
pituitary gland
multiple sclerosis
cardiac output
unstable angina
68. syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone too much ADH
hemostasis
SIADH
symptom
Seizure
69. •Affects primarily adults
• Responds fairly well to treatment
• Prognosis somewhat worse than that of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
sickle cell crisis
Acute myeloid leukemia
Coronary Artery Disease
Increased Intracranial Pressure
70. chest pain that persists shoulder pain
jaw pain
pain in left arm
myocardial infarction symptoms
Community-acquired pneumonia
cardiac output
Potassium and Magnesium
71. 22-26
If high - alkalosis If low - acidosis
Anaphylactic shock
cardiac output
Normal HCO3 levels
beta cells
72. pH below 7.35
Leukopenia
Hypovolemia
Acidosis
Alveoli
73. pH above 7.45
Encephilitis
pheumothroax
menigitis
Alkalosis
74. subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or a headache
Factor 8
bleeding
symptom
Cortisol
75. •Causes: infectious agents, injurious agents or events, and pulmonary secretion stasis
• Viral
-Usually mild
-Can lead to secondary bacterial pneumonia
• Bacterial
-More common than viral
-Most often Streptococcus pneumoniae
Aspiration pneumonia
pnemonia
Pneumonia
Polycythemia
76. Excessive allergic reaction
primary brain injury
Normal HCO3 levels
Cardiogenic shock
Anaphylactic shock
77. •Complications: myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and sudden death
• Manifestations: angina, indigestion-like sensation, nausea, vomiting, clammy extremities, diaphoresis, and fatigue
Coronary Artery Disease Manifestations, Complications
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation DIC
Secondary hypertension
Traumatic Brain Injury Manifestations
78. occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed
Interstitial pneumonia or atypical
Cushing's syndrome
Thrombocytopenia
hemorrhagic stroke
79. both sides of heart failure will cause this to be compromised
pituitary gland
anemia symptoms
hemorrhagic stroke
cardiac output
80. •Inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree or large bronchi
• Causes: viruses, bacterial, irritant inhalation, and allergic reactions
• Treatment: antipyretics, analgesics, antihistamines, decongestants, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, increasing fluid intake, avoiding smoke, and humidifying air
Chronic Bronchitis Manifestations and Treatment
Cystic Fibrosis
contact dermatitis
Acute Bronchitis
81. -Occurs in the areas between the alveoli
-Routinely caused by viruses or by uncommon bacteria
intercranial pressure
Interstitial pneumonia or atypical
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
Glands that regulate calcium
82. demyelination - destruction to the myelin sheath disruptions in nerve impulse conduction
multiple sclerosis
Ischemic strokes
Cardiogenic shock
Unstable Angina
83. calcium and phosphorus are stored there
Normal HCO3 levels
spinal cord injury
Bone electrolytes
Normal CO2 levels
84. •"Pink puffers."
• Destruction of the alveolar walls leads to large, permanently inflated alveoli.
• Enzyme necessary for lung remodeling is deficient.
• Loss of elastic recoil and hyperinflation of the alveoli, leading to air trapping.
• Causes: genetic predisposition and smoking.
Leukopenia
Emphysema
Extrinsic asthma
Pneumothorax
85. -Causes: impaired gag reflex, improper lower esophageal sphincter closure, inappropriate gastric tube placement
Nosocomial pneumonia
Occupational asthma
acute coronary syndrome
Aspiration pneumonia
86. system wide infection
severe inflammation due to a pathogen
menigitis
SIADH
Sepsis
Osteoporosis
87. atherosclerotic plaque builds up and damages the endothelium of the coronary arteries
Secondary hypertension
peripheral artery disease
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
coronary artery disease (CAD)
88. stress hormone released by the adrenal glands on kidneys
Cortisol
Factor 8
Cardiogenic shock
cystitis
89. computed tomography scan
can differentiate between different kinds of strokes
pituitary gland
multiple sclerosis
symptom
CT scan
90. •Narrowing of the peripheral vessels
• Causes: atherosclerosis, thrombus, inflammation, and vasospasms
• Thromboangiitis obliterans: an inflammatory condition of the arteries
• Raynaud's disease: vasospasms of arteries, usually in the hands, because of sympathetic stimulation
-Raynaud's phenomenon: associated with an autoimmune condition
• Manifestations: pain, intermittent claudication, numbness, burning, nonhealing wounds, skin color changes, hair loss, and impotency
• Treatment: reducing contributing factors, angioplasty, bypass procedures, laser procedures, atherectomy, antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, thrombolytics, and lipid-lowering agents
Parkinson's disease
Myocardial Infarction
Peripheral Vascular Disease
secondary brain injury
91. A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems. excessive amounts of mucus in lungs
Ischemic strokes
cystic fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis Manifestations and Treatment
Chronic myeloid leukemia
92. •Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, usually resulting from an infection.
• Causes: virus (e.g., coxsackievirus, echovirus, poliovirus, adenovirus, herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, St. Louis virus, measles, and mumps) and bacterial infections (e.g., Lyme disease, tuberculosis, and syphilis).
• Infection triggers the inflammatory response that causes vasodilatation, increased capillary permeability, and leukocyte infiltration.
• The inflammatory process can cause nerve cell degeneration and diffuse brain destruction.
• May be primary (direct viral infection of the brain and spinal cord) or secondary (travels from elsewhere in the body).
• Most cases are mild and self-limiting, but can be severe and life threatening.
• Vulnerable groups to more severe progression: immune-compromised persons, young children, older adults, those living in high-incidence areas, and those frequently outdoors.
• Complications: cerebral edema, cerebral hemorrhage, and brain damage.
Atherosclerosis
Encephalitis
contact dermatitis
cystitis
93. fatigue pale
shortness of breath heavy breathing
anemia symptoms
Hodgkin's lymphoma
appendicitis
Anaphylactic shock
94. a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol
Cushing's syndrome
Concussion
Cardiogenic shock
spinal cord injury
95. chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under severe stress will get better
Stable angina
seizure signs
pituitary gland
Unstable Angina
96. pressure change in lungs
Ribosomes
Anaphylactic shock
Lobar pneumonia
pheumothroax
97. A condition associated with closed TBIs momentary interruption of brain function
• Usually results from a mild blow to the head that causes sudden movement of the brain, disrupting neurologic functioning.
• May or may not lead to a loss of consciousness.
• Amnesia, confusion, sleep disturbances, and headaches may occur for weeks or months.
Cushing's syndrome
Concussion
Leukemia
menigitis
98. emphysema chronic bronchitis
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Manifestations and Treatment
during acute respiratory failure
Two types of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
primary brain injury
99. damage directly to the brain
Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Stable Angina
Hodgkin's lymphoma
primary brain injury
100. •Atherosclerotic changes of the coronary arteries
• Impairs myocardial tissue perfusion
• Angina: chest pain resulting from myocardium ischemia
• Infarction: necrotic damage to the myocardium
• Causes: atherosclerosis, vasospasms, thrombus, and cardiomyopathy
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Parkinson's disease
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
Coronary Artery Disease
101. increased intensity or frequency, does not go away with demand reduction, or occurs at rest
Unstable Angina
Virchow's triad
stress incontinence
Distributive shock
102. Peripheral edema (legs and hands common)
Tuberculosis Secondary Infection
nonmodifiable risk factors
Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Right sided heart failure symptoms
103. two kinds:
Intussusception - telescopes inside itself volvulus - twisting
mechanical bowel obstruction
myocardial infarction symptoms
Community-acquired pneumonia
peripheral artery disease
104. An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against itself
Crohn's disease Rheumatoid Arthritis Multiple Sclerosis Ulcerative Colitis
intercranial pressure
cystic fibrosis
Parkinson's disease
Autoimmune diseases
105. -Hypertension first seen in pregnancy
-Indicators: high blood pressure, proteinuria, and edema
-Risk factors: history of pregnancy-induced hypertension, renal disease, diabetes mellitus, multiple fetuses, and maternal age less than 20 years or greater than 40 years
-Complications: seizures, miscarriages, poor fetal development, and placental abruption Treatment: bed rest and magnesium sulfate
Exercise-induced asthma
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Chronic Bronchitis Manifestations and Treatment
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
106. •Cancers affect lymphatic system
• Most common hematologic cancer in the US
• Two main types
-Hodgkin's Non-Hodgkin's
Lymphoma
Anaphalaxis
Asthma
cause of edema
107. A disorder of the central nervous system that affects, motor, movement, often including tremors. neurotransmitter lacking
Lack of dopamine in substantia nigra
Virchow's triad
Parkinson's disease
Intrinsic asthma
Sickle cell disease
108. another name for stroke
oxygen and blood flow is lacking to the brain
Community-acquired pneumonia
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
Interstitial pneumonia or atypical
mechanical bowel obstruction
109. air sacs in the lung where gas exchange occurs.
Cortisol
Alveoli
Factor 8
bleeding
110. inflammation of the bladder
cystitis
SIADH
hemostasis
Acute Bronchitis
111. •Seizure: transient physical or behavior alteration that results from an abnormal electrical activity in the brain
• Causes: altered membrane ion channels, altered extracellular electrolytes, and imbalanced excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
symptom
Anemia
Coronary Artery Disease
Seizure
112. swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus liver is the problem
sickle cell crisis
Thrombocytopenia
EKG or 12-lead ECG
esophageal varices
113. can't be changed age, family history
emphysema lecture
pheumothroax
nonmodifiable risk factors
Interstitial pneumonia or atypical
114. electrolytes that are higher concentrated within the cell
Community-acquired pneumonia
Nosocomial pneumonia
Cardiogenic shock
Potassium and Magnesium
115. cancer cells that spread
Anaphylactic shock
metastatic cancer
emphysema lecture
Lobar pneumonia
116. low oxygen extreme pain trouble breathing
hemoglobin is crescent shaped
sickle cell crisis
EKG or 12-lead ECG
Hypovolemic shock
cause of edema
117. lungs - narrow and constrict capillary - dilate / increase
peripherally - swell because vessels open
Anaphalaxis
Unstable Angina
cardiac output
Occupational asthma
118. loss of bone density
hypoatremia
appendicitis
Hypovolemia
Osteoporosis
119. •Death of the myocardium.
• Coronary artery blood flow is blocked due to atherosclerosis, thrombus, or vasospasms.
• Manifestations
-Some are asymptomatic—"silent" MI.
-Symptoms, when present, include angina, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, diaphoresis, indigestion, elevation in cardiac biomarkers, electrocardiogram changes, dysrhythmias, anxiety, syncope, and dizziness.
• Treatment
-Varies depending on timing of treatment.
-Immediately: morphine, oxygen, nitrate, aspirin; thrombolytics can also be administered.
-Post-MI: similar to those for atherosclerosis.
Myocardial Infarction
secondary brain injury
Coronary Artery Disease
peripheral artery disease
120. •Manifestations: cyanotic or plethoric skin, high blood pressure, tachycardia, dyspnea, headaches, visual abnormalities
• Treatment: chemotherapy, radiation, phlebotomy, and managing clotting disorders
Traumatic Brain Injury Manifestations
Leukemia Manifestations and Treatment
Sickle Cell Anemia Manifestations and Treatment
Polycythemia Manifestations and Treatment
121. Manifestations: productive and nonproductive cough, dyspnea, wheezing, low-grade fever, pharyngitis, malaise, and chest discomfort
Acute Bronchitis Manifestations
Sickle Cell Anemia Manifestations and Treatment
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Tuberculosis Manifestations and Treatment
122. First stage - clotting vascular spasm Platelets aggregate
hemostasis
pnemonia
seizure signs
symptom
123. •Epilepsy: seizure disorder resulting from spontaneous firing of abnormal neurons; characterized by recurrent seizures for which there is no underlying or correctable cause
• Complications: brain damage, traumatic brain injury, aspiration, mood disorders, and status epilepticus (seizures that last longer than 20 minutes or subsequent seizures occur before the individual has fully regained consciousness)
Epilepsy
compartment syndrome
Hemophilia A
Asthma
124. •Chronic disorder that results in intermittent, reversible airway obstruction
• Characterized by acute airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, bronchospasm, bronchiole edema, and mucus production
• A variety of triggers from infections to smoke
• Extremely common
cystic fibrosis
Asthma
Polycythemia
Coronary Artery Disease
125. the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing
stress incontinence
unstable angina
multiple sclerosis
Parkinson's disease
126. •Inflammation of the meninges, usually resulting from an infection.
• CSF may also become affected.
• Causes: bacteria (e.g., Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae), viruses (e.g., enterovirus, measles, influenza, and herpes), tumors, and allergens.
• Infection or irritant triggers the inflammatory process, leading to swelling of the meninges and increased ICP.
Meningitis
Heart Failure
Meningitis Manifestations and Complications
Acute Bronchitis
127. compression or severing to the spinal cord disc herniation
secondary brain injury
Sickle Cell Anemia
spinal cord injury
Cardiogenic shock
128. A decrease of plasma protein. The pressure change causes a fluid shift.
Stable angina
Cushing's syndrome
EKG or 12-lead ECG
cause of edema
129. •Cervical injuries can affect both the upper and lower extremities and include breathing difficulties, loss of normal bowel and bladder control, paresthesia, sensory changes, spasticity, pain, weakness, paralysis, blood pressure instability, temperature fluctuations, and diaphoresis.
• Thoracic injuries affect the lower extremities; the manifestations can be the same as those for cervical injuries.
• Lumbar sacral injuries can affect the lower extremities in varying degrees; manifestations are similar to those of cervical injuries, with the exception of breathing difficulties.
Treatment
• Immediate:
-Immobilization of the spine
-Corticosteroid agents to reduce swelling
-Spinal traction to reduce the fracture and immobilize the spine
-Surgical repair of vertebral fractures or surgical removal of the fluid compressing the spinal cord (decompression laminectomy)
-Respiratory management
-Bed rest
• Long-term:
-Physical, occupational, and speech therapy
-Mobility assistive devices
-Electronic devices (brain-computer interface)
-Long-term respiratory management
-Meticulous skin care
-Bowel and bladder training or management
-Antispasmodic agents and Botox injections to treat muscle spasms
-Pain management
-Nutritional support
-Prompt treatment of infections
Spinal Cord Injury Manifestations and Treatment
Coronary Artery Disease Manifestations, Complications
spinal cord injury
A sensitive indicator of neurological change
130. •Results from a decreased number of erythrocytes, reduction of hemoglobin, or presence of abnormal
hemoglobin
• Decreases O2-carrying capacity, leading to tissue hypoxia
• Several types with varying etiology
• General manifestations: weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea, and tachycardia
Hemophilia A
Anemia
Acute Bronchitis
Thalassemia major
131. Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
Osteoporosis
appendicitis
Acidosis
R.O.M.E.
132. low blood sodium neurological problems
hemostasis
Thalassemia
Osteoporosis
hypoatremia
133. •Usually caused by a sudden and violent blow or jolt to the head (closed injury) or a penetrating (open injury) head wound that disrupts the normal brain function.
• The injury can bruise the brain, damage nerve fibers, and cause hemorrhaging.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Pneumothorax
Drug-induced asthma
intercranial pressure
134. •Affects primarily adults
• Responds poorly to therapy, yet most patients live many years after diagnosis
Coronary Artery Disease
Chronic lymphoid leukemia
secondary brain injury
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
135. low platelet count
• Normal platelet levels range from 150,000 to 350,000 cells/mL3
Thrombocytopenia
pituitary gland
Bronchopneumonia
Ischemic strokes
136. inflammation of the lungs
immunocompromised people are most at risk for this
pnemonia
spinal cord injury
Alveoli
Acute Bronchitis
137. sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
acute coronary syndrome
Autoimmune diseases
EEG (electroencephalogram)
cystic fibrosis
138. •Diagnosis: history, physical examination (including using the Glasgow Coma scale), head computed tomography, head magnetic resonance imaging, and ICP monitoring
• Treatment: rest, analgesics (specifically acetaminophen [Tylenol]), cold compresses, osmotic diuretics (e.g., mannitol), antiseizure agents, sedatives, surgery, rehabilitation (e.g., physical, speech, and occupational therapy)
Tuberculosis Manifestations and Treatment
Emphysema Manifestations and Treatment
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Manifestations and Treatment
Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosis and Treatment
139. clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung
heart and kidneys
sickle cell crisis
pulmonary embolism
hyperthyroidism manifestations
140. •Increased IgE synthesis and airway inflammation, resulting in mast cell destruction and inflammatory mediator release.
• Mediator release causes bronchoconstriction, increased capillary permeability, and mucus production.
• Generally presents in childhood or adolescence..
• Triggers: allergens such as food, pollen, dust, and medications.
Drug-induced asthma
Extrinsic asthma
Tuberculosis TB
Encephalitis
141. •Manifestations: hypoventilation, hypoxemia, cyanosis, hypercapnia, polycythemia, clubbing of fingers, dyspnea at rest, wheezing, edema, weight gain, malaise, chest pain, and fever
• Treatment: oxygen therapy (in limited amounts), bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antibiotics (if bacterial infection is present), postural drainage, chest physiotherapy, and increased hydration
Chronic Bronchitis Manifestations and Treatment
Polycythemia Manifestations and Treatment
Meningitis
Tuberculosis Primary Infection
142. •Manifestations: fever, chills, mental status changes, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, severe headache, stiff neck (meningismus), agitation, bulging fontanel, decreased consciousness, opisthotonos (abnormal positioning that involves rigidity and severe arching of the back with the head thrown backward), poor feeding or irritability in children, tachypnea, and rash
• Complications: permanent neurologic damage, seizures, hearing loss, blindness, speech difficulties, learning disabilities, behavior problems, paralysis, renal failure, adrenal gland failure, shock, and death
Sickle Cell Anemia Manifestations and Treatment
Multiple Sclerosis Manifestations
Meningitis Manifestations and Complications
Encephalitis Manifestations and Treatment
143. •Abnormally high erythrocytes
• Rare
• Considered a neoplastic disease
• Increased blood volume and viscosity, leading to tissue ischemia and necrosis
• Complications: thrombosis, hypertension, heart failure, hemorrhage, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and acute myeloblastic leukemia
Coronary Artery Disease
Nocturnal asthma
Polycythemia
Drug-induced asthma
144. •Caused by the bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Fairly controlled until recently
• Resistant strains have developed in those immune compromised
• Most frequently occurs in the lungs, but can spread to other organs Carried by airborne droplets
Tuberculosis TB
Tuberculosis Manifestations and Treatment
Polycythemia
Chronic Bronchitis
145. •Secondary infection
-Reactivation of dormant bacilli
-Can spread to other organs
-Symptoms usually develop
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
Acute myeloid leukemia
Tuberculosis Manifestations and Treatment
Tuberculosis Secondary Infection
146. •Usually occurs between 3:00 and 7:00 a.m.
• May be related to circadian rhythms—at night, cortisol and epinephrine levels decrease, while histamine levels increase, leading to bronchoconstriction
Exercise-induced asthma
Nocturnal asthma
cerebral palsy
Intrinsic asthma
147. 7.35-7.45
Hodgkin's lymphoma
anemia symptoms
Normal pH level
Virchow's triad
148. Leads to DVT
venous Stasis (sluggish), increase blood coagulation, damage to vein wall (endothelial damage)
Tuberculosis TB
unstable angina
Distributive shock
Virchow's triad
149. electrocardiogram
diagnostic tool used for Myocardial Infarction looks at 12 angles
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Virchow's triad
EKG or 12-lead ECG
Acute myeloid leukemia
150. involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles
fluid shifts into space it is not supposed to be causes pain and tissue necrosis
Traumatic Brain Injury
Pneumothorax
Nocturnal asthma
compartment syndrome [Show Less]