2 year old
speaks in 2 to 3 word sentences (family understands)
Understands simple commands
knows first name
can copy straight line
easily
... [Show More] frustrated
goes up stairs using same foot
3 year old
speaks in complete sentences
speech understood by most strangers
knows full name, has sexuality identity
copies circle
stack nine cubes
throws ball overhead
pedals tricycle
walks up stairs with alternating feet
Strabisma
Eye disorder
-Eyes unable to to focus on same object, can be bi or unilateral
Tx:
patching stronger eye to increase visual stimualtion of weaker eye
esotropia
inward turning of the eye
exotropia
outward turning of the eye
hypertropia
upward deviation of one eye
hypotonia
looks down
head circumference
obtained till 2 years old
0.5cm week 2cm 1 month
Ventriculomegaly
enlargement of cerebral ventricles
caused by increased pressure of CSF fluid
Craniosynostosis
the premature fusing of the skull bones
tx: NSG/plastics
1 month
turns head Side to side
head lag
strong grasp reflex
watches faces when spoken to
2 month
Closing of posterior fontanelle; diminished tonic neck and Moro reflexes; decreased head lag, holds head upright, lifts head and chest while prone; social smile first appears
4 months
babbles/raspberry sounds, push off with hands to elbows, brings hands to mouth, racking with hands, . head lag is gone. flips prone to supine
6 months
sit up without support
roll from front to back, back to front
ba, da, ma, racking hand motion. begins to know if someone is a stranger
9 months
pulls to stand
pincer grasp
peek a boo
good bye. crawls. afraid of strangers
1 year
supports own weigh, separation anxiety, climb stairs by crawling, pokes with index finger bangs two things together
4 year old
draws a cross, hops on one foot up to 2 secs, names some colors some shapes
5 year old
can draw square/triangle
Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage
0-2 years- first stage, children learn entirely through the movements they make and the sensations that result. They learn they cause things to happen, they are separate from objects and people around them, things continue to exist even if they can't see them (object permanence)
Piaget Preoperational Stage
2-7 years- Once children acquire langage they can use symbols to represent objects. Still egocentric thinking and they assume everyone sees things from the same viewpoint. Understand concepts like counting, classifying according to similarity, and past-present-future but focused on present and concrete rather than abstract.
Piaget Concrete Operational Stage
7-11 years-Children are able to see things from different points of view and to imagine events that occur outside their own lives. Some organized, logical thought processes are now evident and are able to order object by size, color gradient, etc. can understand that if 3+4=7 then 7-4=3. Understand that red square can belong to both red and square categories. Understand short wide cup holds same amount as tall and skinny cup.(conservation) Thinking still tends to be tied to concrete reality
Piaget Formal Operational Stage
11+ - around the onset of puberty, children are able to reason in much more abstract ways and to test hypotheses using systematic logic. There is a much greater focus on possibilities and on ideological issues
Kawasaki disease
(inflammation of blood vessles, hence the strawberry tongue) causes coronary artery aneurysms.
TX: with high-dose aspirin and gamma globulin
75% of cases are under 5 years old.
Angleman Syndrome
- rare genetically inherited form of mental retardation due to the deletion or inactivation of specific genes on the maternally inherited chromosome 15
- lack of crawling or babbling, minimal speech, and frequent smiling and laughter. Inability to walk, move, or balance well (ataxia) [Show Less]