NR 507 Week 4 Midterm Exam
1. Question :
What is the final stage of the infectious process?
Student Answer:
Colonization
Invasion
... [Show More] Multiplication
Spread
Instructor From the perspective of the microorganisms that cause disease, the infectious
Explanation: process undergoes four separate stages of progression: (1) colonization, (2) invasion, (3) multiplication, and (4) spread.
Question 2. Question :
Where in the respiratory tract do the majority of foreign objects aspirated by children finally lodge?
Student Trachea Answer:
Left lung
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Instructor Approximately 75% of aspirated foreign bodies lodge in a bronchus. The other
Explanation: options are not locations where children aspirate the majority of foreign objects.
Question 3. Question :
What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?
Student Answer: Immature immune system
Small alveoli
Surfactant deficiency
Anemia
Instructor Explanation: RDS is primarily caused by surfactant deficiency and secondarily by a deficiency in alveolar surface area for gas exchange. None of the other options are related to the cause of RDS.
Question 4. Question :
Which statement concerning benign tumors is true?
Student Answer: The resulting pain is severe.
Benign tumors are not encapsulated.
Benign tumors are fast growing.
The cells are well-differentiated.
Instructor Explanation: A benign tumor is well-differentiated with its tissue appearing similar to the tissue from which it arose. The other options are characteristic of a malignant tumor.
Question 5. Question :
Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells?
Student Lying on their left side Answer:
Performing the Valsalva maneuver
Squatting
Hyperventilating
Instructor Explanation: Squatting is a spontaneous compensatory mechanism used by older children to alleviate hypoxic spells. Squatting and its variants increase systemic resistance while decreasing venous return to the heart from the inferior vena cava. The other options would not result in these changes.
Question 6. Question :
Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?
Answer:
IL-2 and TNF-
Student IL–1 and IL-6
IFN and IL-12
TNF-ß and IL-4
Instructor Although a number of stress factors initiate the production of CRH, of the
Explanation: options available, only high levels of IL-1 and IL-6 initiate such a response.
Question 7. Question :
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can occur if the mother:
Student Is Rh-positive and the fetus is Rh-negative Answer:
Is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive
Has type A blood and the fetus has type O
Has type AB blood and the fetus has type B
Instructor Explanation: HDN can occur only if antigens on fetal erythrocytes differ from antigens on maternal erythrocytes. Maternal-fetal incompatibility exists only if the mother and fetus differ in ABO blood type or if the fetus is Rh-positive and the mother is Rh-negative. This erythrocyte incompatibility does not exist in any of the other options.
Question 8. Question :
Decreased lung compliance means that the lungs are demonstrating which characteristic?
Student Answer:
Difficult deflation
Easy inflation
Stiffness
Inability to diffuse oxygen
Instructor Explanation: A decrease in compliance indicates that the lungs or chest wall is abnormally stiff or difficult to inflate. This selection is the only option that accurately identifies the meaning of decreased compliance.
Question 9. Question :
Which statement concerning exotoxins is true?
Student Answer: Exotoxins are contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria.
Exotoxins are released during the lysis of bacteria.
Exotoxins are able to initiate the complement and coagulation
cascades.
Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth.
Instructor Explanation: Exotoxins are proteins released during bacterial growth. The other options are not true of exotoxins.
Question 10. Question :
What is the ratio of coronary capillaries to cardiac muscle cells?
Student Answer: 1:1 (one capillary per one muscle cell)
1:2 (one capillary per two muscle cells)
1:4 (one capillary per four muscle cells)
1:10 (one capillary per ten muscle cells)
Instructor The heart has an extensive capillary network, with approximately 3300
Explanation: capillaries per square millimeter (ca/mm2) or approximately one capillary per one muscle cell (muscle fiber).
Question 11. Question :
How high does the plasma glucose have to be before the threshold for glucose is achieved?
Student 126 mg/dl Answer:
150 mg/dl
180 mg/dl
200 mg/dl
Instructor When the plasma glucose reaches 180 mg/dl, as occurs in the individual with Explanation: uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the threshold for glucose is achieved.
Question 12. Question :
What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?
Student Answer: Low birth weight
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Premature birth
Smoking during pregnancy
Instructor Explanation: RDS of the newborn, also known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature newborns. None of the other options are considered the chief predisposing factors for RDS.
Question 13. Question :
Student Answer:
Prefrontal cortex
Anterior pituitary
Perceived stress elicits an emotional, anticipatory response that begins where?
Limbic system
Hypothalamus
Instructor Explanation: Perceived stressors elicit an anticipatory response that begins in the limbic system of the brain, the only option responsible for emotions and cognition.
Question 14. Question :
Causes of hyperkalemia include:
Student Answer: Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition
Vomiting and diarrhea
Renal failure and Addison disease
Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease
Instructor Hyperkalemia should be investigated when a history of renal disease, massive
Explanation: trauma, insulin deficiency, Addison disease, use of potassium salt substitutes, or metabolic acidosis exists. The other options are not known to be causes of hyperkalemia.
Question 15. Question :
Between which months of age does sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) most often occur?
Student 0 and 1 Answer:
2 and 4
5 and 6
6 and 7
Instructor The incidence of SIDS is low during the first month of life but sharply increases in
Explanation: the second month of life, peaking at 2 to 4 months and is unusual after 6 months of age.
Question 16. Question :
What is the fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia?
Student Hypotension
Answer:
Hyperesthesia
Hypoxia
Ischemia
Instructor The fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia is a reduced oxygenExplanation: carrying capacity of the blood, resulting in tissue hypoxia.
Question 17. Question :
What is the life span of platelets (in days)?
Student 10 Answer:
30
90
120
Instructor A platelet circulates for approximately 10 days and ages. Macrophages of the Explanation: mononuclear phagocyte system, mostly in the spleen, remove platelets.
Question 18. Question :
What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion?
Student Macula densa Answer:
Visceral epithelium
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
Filtration slits
Instructor Explanation: Control of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion occur at the JGA. Together, the juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa cells form the JGA. The control of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion is not directed by any of the other options.
Question 19. Question :
Student Answer:
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
An infant has a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill that can be detected at the left lower sternal border that radiates to the neck. These clinical findings are consistent with which congenital heart defect?
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect
Instructor Explanation: On physical examination, a loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur and systolic thrill can be detected at the left lower sternal border. The intensity of the murmur reflects the pressure gradient across the VSD. An apical diastolic rumble may be present with a moderate-to-large defect, reflecting increased flow across the mitral valve. The presentations of the other congenital heart defects are not consistent with the described symptoms.
Question 20. Question :
The coronary ostia are located in the:
Student Answer: Left ventricle
Aortic valve [Show Less]