• Terms related to pregnancy
****Not all inclusive****
o Para: number of babies born after 22 weeks
o Gravida: a woman who is or has been
... [Show More] pregnant
o Primigravida: a woman who is pregnant for the 1st time
o Primipara: a woman who has delivered one child after 22 weeks
o Multigravida: a woman who has been pregnant previously
o Multipara: a woman how has carried two more pregnancies after 22 weeks
o Nulligravida: a woman who is not pregnant and not currently pregnant (never been pregnant)
• Maternal Hormones
o Placental Hormones:
▪ Progesterone: maintains endometrium; inhibits uterine contractibility; lactation
▪ Estrogen: breast/uterine enlargement
▪ hCG: stimulates corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone until placenta takes over
▪ hPL: antagonist to insulins
▪ relaxin: inhibits uterine activity; softens cervix and collagen in joints
▪ prostaglandins: may trigger labor
o Pituitary gland:
▪ Prolactin: responsible for milk production after birth
▪ Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions, loosens joints and ligaments starting at 4 months
o Adrenal glands:
▪ Aldosterone
o Pancreas
▪ Insulin; additional glucose for fetus
• Nagele’s Rule
o Take the first day of the womans LMP, subtract 3 months and then add 7 days and 1 year, adjusting for the year as necessary
• GTPAL
o Gravidity
o Term births (38 wks or more)
o Preterm births (up to 37 weeks)
o Abortion/miscarriages
o Living children
• Betamethasone
o Used for Preterm delivery
• Signs of Pregnancy
o Presumptive S/S
▪ Amenorrhea
▪ N/V
▪ Enlargement & breast tenderness
▪ Frequent urination
▪ Feeling tired
▪ Montgomery’s tubercules
o Probable Signs:
▪ Stretch marks
▪ Spider veins
▪ Quickening (fetal movements)
▪ Colostrum from breast
▪ Chadwick’s Sign
▪ Enlarged abdomen ▪ Positive pregnancy test
▪ Changes in uterine shape
▪ Softening of the cervix (Goodell’s sign)
▪ Enlarging uterus
o Positive Signs
▪ Fetal heart sounds
▪ X-ray
▪ Actual delivery of infants
• Reproduction (ovulation)
• Emotional Response/ Psychological tasks of Pregnancy
o Emotional Response
▪ Ambivalence
▪ Grief
▪ Self-centered; feels needs to protect body
▪ Introversion or extroversion
o Psychological tasks of pregnancy
▪ 1st trimester: accept pregnancy
▪ 2nd trimester: accept baby
▪ 3rd trimester: preparing for baby, nesting, attachment with baby
• Prenatal Care/ Appointments, Prenatal Tests
o Prenatal Care
▪ Ultrasound and hcG confirms pregnancy
▪ Complete H&H
▪ Braxton hick’s contraction
▪ Hegar’s sign
▪ Palpation of the baby
▪ Ballottement [Show Less]