NCE Lifestyle and Career Development D 2023 – 2024 (Verified Solutions)
Trait-factor means you: -
1. study the individual (trait)
2. survey
... [Show More] occupations (factors)
3. match the person with an occupation (using true reasoning)
This approach stimulated the development of assessment techniques (tests and inventories) and occupational information gathering.
E. G. Williamson (1930's) - refined the "trait-factor" approach. To him, the career counseling approach involved six steps: analysis, synthesis, diagnosis, prognosis, counseling, and follow-up.
Sociological models of career development - There are sociological reasons why individual choose the work that they do. People choose what they know about, i.e., occupations family members may expose them to. Ethnic group membership and cultural factors influence individuals toward and away from certain jobs and careers. Other factors which may influence occupational choice include risk behavior, work identity, and career mobility.
Situational models of career development - The environment and its opportunities influence the work an individual does. Local labor market conditions, educational/training and employment opportunities, as well as the mix of employers will impact what is available and often determines an individual's "career development."
John Crites - developed a comprehensive model of career counseling. The counselor makes 3 diagnoses of the career problem.
1. differential: what are the problems?
2. dynamic: what have the problems occurred?
3. decisional: how are the problems being dealt with?
After diagnosis, Crites advocated: - client-centered and developmental counseling to begin with, later followed by the use of psychodynamic techniques such as interpretation, finally followed by trait-factor and behavioral approaches.
vocational maturity - Crites is associated with the study of vocational maturity. He viewed it as a continuous developmental process moving through a series of stages and tasks. He developed the Career Maturity Inventory.
Decision models - In applying a decision-making model to career development, several factors which might affect decision making are:
a. risk taking style
b. investment (by chooser, such as time, money, deferred gratification)
c. personal values
d. self-efficacy (belief that the individual can perform the behavior necessary.
Career theory limitations - Many career theories had their origins in the 1950s and 1960s with data from small samples usually comprised of young, white, middle-class males. Many samples were college-educated. Non-whites and women were often excluded. Consequently, early career theories had limited generalizability to women, non-whites, and other ages. Over the years, other issues such as workplace trends, women in the labor market, an increasing multicultural population, single family homes, and dual-earner families argue for modifications in career theories. Most good career theories are still evolving. [Show Less]