difference b/w Kwashiorkor & Marasmus
- kwashiorkor (edematous malnutrition): marasmus PLUS EDEMA
- marasmus (WASTING SYNDROME): skin lesions, fatty
... [Show More] liver, acute protein-energy malnutrition with decreased arm circumference, weight per length or BMI
deformation
disruption in organ morphogenesis occurring AFTER embryonic period; extrinsic force limits normal organ development
vascular changes in chronic HTN
- hyaline arteriolosclerosis: protein deposition in vessel walls
- hyperplastic arteriosclerosis (arteriolitis): concentric thickening of vessel wall w/ laminar appearance caused by proliferation of smooth muscle cells
- commonly affects renal arterioles
Nodular glomerulosclerosis
assoc w/ diabetic nephropathy & amyloidosis
supraoptic nucleus
responsible for ADH secretion from pituitary & urine concentration
anterior hypothalamic nucleus
thermoregulation (cooling)
arcuate hypothalamic nucleus
appetite stimulation
dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
regulation of feeding & circadian rhythm
lateral hypothalamic nucleus
promotes appetite (GHRELIN)
posterior hypothalamic nucleus
thermoregulating (heating)
ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
satiety (LEPTIN)
osteopetrosis
excessive mineralization of bone & failure of osteoclastic resorption
- mutation in macrophage colony stimulating factor
achondroplasia
human dwarfism
- AD mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene
porphyria cutanea tarda
severe cutaneous photosensitivity with blistering & hyperpigmentation after exposure to sunlight
- decreased activity of uroporphyringoen decarboxylase enzyme in the production of HEME
CD8+ T lymphocytes
responsible for CLEARING a virus
- class I MHC receptors present a virus to CD8+ T cell on an APC
- CD8+ T cell has a specific TCR for the virus; responds by secreting inflammatory mediators (to attract other cells) perforin/granzyme or interacting with Fas/FasL to trigger apoptosis
Class II MHC
are on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including B cells
- trigger CD4+ T cells, which recruit CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
PKU
deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase
- supplementation of TYROSINE is required for synthesis of catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine & dopamine)
leuprolide
GnRH agonist used for the treatment of prostate cancer
- decreased LH & testosterone release
production of progesterone during pregnancy
- first 7-10 weeks: CORPUS LUTEUM (stimulating by hCG from placenta)
>10 weeks: placenta
Chronic granulomatous disease
X-linked mutation affecting NADPH oxidase causing dysfunctioning neutrophils and oxidative burst
- recurrent infections with catalase (+) organisms: S. aureus, Aspergillus & Nocardia
MPO deficiency
Recurrent candida infections
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
mutation in WAS gene; abnormal cytoskeleton of B & T cells
- Eczema, recurrent respiratory infections, thrombocytopenia
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Mutation in LYST (lysosomal trafficking gene regulator) which causes accumulation of large cytoplasmic granules that cannot fuse with lysosomes
- increase of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections
- Albinism, photophobia, silver hair
Coccidioidomycosis
fungal infection endemic to Southwest US & California
- respiratory illness, fever, fatigue, cough, arthralgia
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)
Auto-Immune; antibodies formed against voltage gated Ca2+ channels at NMJ; IMPAIRED PRESYNAPTIC ACH RELEASE
- Sx: skeletal muscle weakness in limbs (improves w/ activity)
- paraneoplastic syndrome assoc w/ small cell lung carcinoma
round ligament
binds uterus to labia majora
- commonly leads to pain during pregnancy
mesothelioma
pleural effusion & scalloped pleural density; thick, firm, white pleural tumor
- interstitial fibrosis
- ASBESTOSIS: working in a shipyard, roofing & plumbing
biggest risk factor for complications w/ use of OCPs
tobacco smoking in patients >35 years
- contraindications: history of DVT, PE, stroke, MI, HTN, migraine w/ aura, cirrhosis & current breast cancer
Pores of Kohn
small openings in the alveolar walls that allow gases, fluid, macrophages & BACTERIA to travel between the alveoli
Osgood-Schlatter disease
inflammation or irritation of the tibia at its point of attachment with the PATELLAR TENDON
- common in YOUNG ATHLETES
- focal pain & tenderness w/ application of tension to tibial tubercle
increased risk of liver injury from acetaminophen + alcohol
alcohol leads to induction of P450 enzymes that convert acetaminophen to NAPQI
- NAPQI can cause hepatotoxicity
childhood perception of death
- <3 years: no understanding of death
- age 3-5: death is temporary & reversible
- >5 years: all living things die (irreversible & inevitable)
Weber syndrome (lower midbrain stroke)
stroke of paramedic branches of PCA
- ipsilateral CN III palsy (diplopia, ptosis, primary gaze palsy, pupillary constriction defects)
- contralateral hemiparesis with UMN pattern dysfunction
gerstmann syndrome
stroke of angular gyrus
- agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia & left sided disorientation
Horner syndrome
lesion of upper spinal cord interrupting sympathetic supply to ipsilateral face
- ptosis, mitosis, anhidrosis
Waardenburg Syndrome
autosomal dominant disorder of abnormal neural crest development → abnormal melanoblasts
- white forelock, PATCHY depigmentation iridic heterochromia & deafness
- eyes may be laterally displaced
failure of internalization of melanin granules by keratinocytes
NONPATCHY albinism, no hearing loss (vs. Waardenburg)
maintenance of constant GFR in the setting of renal artery constriction
increased EFFERENT arteriole resistance → activation of RAAS
rapid plasma reagent (RPR) false positive
SLE → antiphospholipid antibodies will yield false (+)
RPR/VDRL are used to detect antibodies against syphilis
cold agglutinins
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, EBV
- marker of HEMOLYSIS
heterophiles antibodies
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
p24 antigen
HIV1/2
glucose-independent insulinotrophic peptide (GIP)
secreted by K cells in the duodenum & jejunum
- decrease gastric acid production & stimulate insulin release from pancreas
- secreted in response to glucose/fatty acids to lower blood sugar
ureteral constriction
hydronephrosis
- vesicoureteral junction, crossing point over COMMON ILIAC ARTERY or ureteropelvic junction
^ renal calculi tend to lodge at these 3 locations
most common artery to obstruct the ureter
COMMON ILIAC
21-hydroxylase deficiency
excessive androgens, low aldosterone & cortisol
- female: hypoaldosteronism & virilization during infancy (develops male characteristics)
- male: precocious puberty in childhood [Show Less]