Macronutrients - Answer- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & water
Main function & caloric intake of Carbohydrates - Answer- energy, 4 Kilocalories,
... [Show More] 50-60% of daily caloric intake
Main function & caloric intake of Lipids - Answer- storage of energy; 9Kcal; less than 30 % of daily caloric intake
Main function & caloric intake of Protein - Answer- structure; 4Kcal; or 15-25% of daily caloric intake
3 main catagories of carbohydrates - Answer- monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Monosaccharide - Answer- simplest: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide - Answer- sucrose, maltose, lactose & lactulose
Polysaccharide - Answer- starch, glycogen, soluble & insoluble
Fiber is subdivided into - Answer- soluble & insoluble
RDA for fibers is - Answer- 25-35 per day
Soluble fiber - Answer- helps to reduce blood cholesterol levels
Insoluble fiber - Answer- is important for colon health
4 disorders of carbohydrate metabolism - Answer- galactosemia, primary lactase deficiency, lactose intolerance, sucrase deficiency
Galatosemia - Answer- inherited, early onset, accumulation of galatose in blood, severe symptoms = failure to thrive
Primary lactase deficiency - Answer- body cannot digest lactose, GI symptoms, early onset
Lactose intolerance - Answer- later onset, varied severity, various causes: inheritance, increased antibiotic use
Sucrase deficiency - Answer- similar to lactase deficiency:body cannot digest sucrase, GI symptoms, early onset
Functions of Carbohydrates - Answer- primary energy source for energy; balance protein & fat metabolism; fiber: important for bowel fx, waste elimination & blood sugar control; liver detox
Amino acids - Answer- the basic building blocks for proteins
Proteins are subdivided into - Answer- essential & nonessential
Urea/Ammonia - Answer- the main waste product produced by protein metabolism
Dietary sources of protein - Answer- complete: animal based; incomplete: plant based
Complete & incomplete protein forms - Answer- are based upon the range of amino acids present
Disorders of protein - Answer- Celiac disease & Milk protein allergy
2 types of protein malnutrition - Answer- Maramus; Kwashiorkor disease
Maramus - Answer- "starvation"; both protein & calorie deficiency
Kwashiorkor Disease - Answer- protein deficiency with appropriate caloric intake
Functions of amino acids - Answer- tissue repair; immune system support; neurotransmitter support; growth; osmotic balance; pH balance
Fats - Answer- should comprise no more than 30% of daily caloric intake
Fatty acids are named based on - Answer- number of carbohydrates, degree of saturation & location of the first double bond
Saturated fats - Answer- have no double bonds
Saturated fats come from - Answer- animal sources
Mono-unsaturated Fats - Answer- have one double bond
Poly-unsaturated Fats - Answer- have many double bonds
Mono & Poly-unsaturated Fats - Answer- come from plant sources
2 groups of essential fatty acids - Answer- omega 6 (linoleic acid); omega 3 (linolenic acid)
Results of essential fatty acid deficiency - Answer- dermatitis & blood clotting
Trans-fats - Answer- the hydrogenation of unsaturated fats
Trans-fats promote - Answer- increased cholesterol; fatty liver
Function of fats - Answer- energy storage; protect & insulate organs; slow gastric emptying
2 major types of cholesterol - Answer- based on the density: HDL (high density lipids) & LDL (low density lipids)
LDL (low density lipids) - Answer- bad cholesterol because it transports cholesterol to body cells
HDL (high density lipids) - Answer- good cholesterol
Risk of heart disease increases - Answer- when good + bad cholesterol are over 5.2mmol/l
Total dietary cholesterol should not exceed - Answer- 300mg/day
Cholesterol - Answer- important in the formation of hormones, vitamin D & bile acids
Vitamin D - Answer- is formed in the skin
Factors affecting blood cholesterol - Answer- increased trans-fats & saturated fats; decreased fiber & decreased exercise
60% of body weight - Answer- is water
An adult requires - Answer- 2-3 liters of water per day
Fat soluble vitamins include - Answer- vitamins: A, D, E and K
Water soluble vitamins - Answer- B(s), C, folic acid, pantothemic, biotin
Fat soluble vitamins taken in high dosage - Answer- have the potential become toxic because these vitamins are stored
Main anti-oxidant nutrients - Answer- vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E and selinium
Function of vitamin C - Answer- antibody production, protein metabolism, collagen synthesis/connective tissue, supports liver detox, wound healing, cancer prevention, iron absorption in the GI tract
Scurvy - Answer- vitamin C deficiency
Vitamin C toxicity - Answer- diarrhea/GI upset, increased uric acid formation, rebound scurvy
Common sources of Vitamin C - Answer- fresh fruit especially citrus, kiwi, strawberries, red/orange peppers
RDA of Vitamin C - Answer- 75mg/day , maximum = 90mg/d
Vitamin E - Answer- found in all cell membranes & protects from oxidation
Sources of Vitamin E - Answer- nut/seed oils, avacados
Mineral Selenium - Answer- acts closely with vitamin E in protecting cell membranes
Beta carotene - Answer- the precursor to vitamin A
Vitamin A deficiency - Answer- nycotolopia: night blindness
Function of Vitamin A - Answer- eyes: retinol: important for vision/light accomodation; epithelial regeneration; immune functions; bone growth/development; anti-cancer functions
Vitamin A is potentially toxic - Answer- especially among pregnant women (fetal malformation: 5000IU maximum)
Beta carotene - Answer- is not toxic to pregnant women
Sources of Vitamin A - Answer- organ meats, butter, eggs
Sources of Beta Carotene - Answer- carrots, orange/red vegetables; (water soluble)
Thiamin (B1) deficiency - Answer- can result from high alcohol intake
Beri Beri - Answer- disease resulting from thiamin deficiency
Symptoms of thiamin deficiency - Answer- anorexia; weakness; impaired memory; neuropathy
Sources of thiamin (B1) - Answer- legumes, nuts, seeds, grains
Function of thiamin - Answer- carbohydrate & energy metabolism of cellular respiration; formation of acetylcholine: neurotransmitter (especially for memory)
Riboflavin (B2) function - Answer- a component of the co-enzyme FAD/FADH+H; important for energy metabolism
Niacin (B3) - Answer- can be formed from the amino acid tryptophan
Co-enzyme NAD/NADH+H - Answer- niacin is a component
Niacin (B3) deficiency - Answer- symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (3 D's)
3 stored water soluble vitamins - Answer- pantothenic, B12, B6
Function of Pyridoxine (B6) - Answer- amino acid/protein metabolism; neurotransmitter synthesis (serotonin; epinephrine; histamine); hemoglobin synthesis; glycogenolysis: release of glucose from liver
Vitamin B12 - Answer- requires intrinsic factor for absorption
Impaired absorption of B12 - Answer- deficiency results in pernicious anemia
Pernicious anemia - Answer- type of macrocytic anemia
Folic acid deficiency - Answer- results in macrocytic anemia
Functions of B12 - Answer- synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA); essential for: red blood cell formation, protecting myelin of nerves; metabolism of fat, protein, carbohydrated; manufacturer of choline: important for memory
Sources of vitamin B12 - Answer- found in animal or fortified products
Sources of folic acid - Answer- found in green leafie vegetables & liver
400mcg/d supplimentation of folic acid - Answer- in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in infants
Pantothenic Acid (B5) - Answer- a component of co-enzyme A
Function of Pantothenic Acid (B5) - Answer- important for the metabolism of cholesterol, steroids, fatty acids
Function of Biotin - Answer- metabolism of fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates; maintains healthy skin, hair, nails; related to B12 & folic acid metabolism
Function of choline - Answer- part of acetylcholin (memory neurotransmitter); Lipotropic factor: fat metabolism in liver & lipoprotein production; component of nerve tissue/brain
Important nutrients for bone health - Answer- calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorous & florides
RDA for calcium - Answer- for 19-50 yr olds is 1000mg/day
Functions of Calcium - Answer- healthy bones & teeth; vasodilation/vasoconstriction, mm contraction/relaxation; neurotransmitter release; blood clotting
Dairy - Answer- a good source of calcium
Ricketts - Answer- result from a calcium deficiency and/or vitamin D
Ricketts in adults is called - Answer- osteomalacia
Osteoporosis - Answer- a condition where calcium is lost from bone faster than it is deposited [Show Less]