3 routes of drug administration
1. Enteral
2. percutaneous
3. Parenteral
Enteral
referring to a route of medication administration that uses
... [Show More] the GI tract
*oral
*rectal
*NG tube
Parenteral
bypasses the GI tract
*subQ
*IM
*IV
Percutaneous
absorbed through skin or mucous membranes
*inhalation
*topical
*sublingual
Absorption
The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood.
Distribution
drug is transported through the body by body fluids (bloodstream) or lymphatic system
Metabolism
where your body is going to breakdown and inactivate drugs
*primary site is the liver
Excretion
elimination of the drug
*GI tract(feces)
*Renal tubules into the urine
*skin, lungs, saliva, breastmilk
half-life
The amount of time it takes for 50% of elimination from the body
why do we use opioids?
*acute pain=surgery
*chronic pain=cancer
*use only in moderate to severe pain
*can lead to addiction
Opiate side effects
constipation, dry mouth, N/V, sweating, confusion, orthostatic hypotension
Serious Adverse effects
respiratory depression, excessive use/abuse, CNS depression
how to monitor pts that take opioids?
*pain assessments
*goals
*observe resp rate
*adm small dose
just culture
seeks to find a balance between the need to learn from mistakes and the need for disciplinary action against employees
morphine(G)
mscontin(T)
*opiate
*schedule 2
*side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, anxiety, itching
*binds to receptors in the brain to decrease pain.
Oxycodone(G)
Percoet(T)
*opiate
*schedule 2
*side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, anxiety, itching
*binds to receptors in the brain to decrease pain.
Acetaminophen(G)
Tylenol(T)
*analgesis , antipyretic
*BBW: liver failure
*side effects: hepatic, jaundice
acetaminophen & hydrocodone(G)
Norco(T)
*opiate
*schedule 2
*side effects: drowsiness, dizziness, anxiety, itching
*binds to receptors in the brain to decrease pain.
what to be aware of with ppl with poor vision?
*safety
*quality of life
*delays in school
Cataracts
*Clouding of the lens of the eye.
*caused by toxins, trauma, drugs
Cataracts symptoms
blurred vision, diplopia, cant read fine print;
Glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
open angle glaucoma
90% of cases; drainage channels become clogged (slow)
closed angle glaucoma
related to a medication that has been take and its a rapid vision loss
Glaucoma symptoms
headaches, eye pain, seeing halos around lights, blurred vision, high IOP
Glaucoma treatment
beta blockers to reduce IOP,
medical marjuania
*tonometry testing (small puff of air)
age-related macular degeneration
condition in which the center of the retina gradually loses its ability to discern fine details;
risk factors for ARMD
Family history.
Long term exposure to UV light, females, obesity, caucasian,
Smoking, light colored eyes.
Opthalmascopy
magnifying tool that allows doctors to see inside back of eye.
diabetic retinopathy
caused when high blood sugar levels cause damage to the blood vessels of the retina
parethesia
feeling of numbness and tingling in the hands and feet.
what are some steps we can take to lower our risk of developing cancer?
primary
1. smoking
2. change our diet
3. UV radiation
4. alcohol
5. environmental & chemical carcinogens
cancer secondary prevention
*mammograms
*prostate exam
*colonscopy
neoplasm
new growth (of abnormal tissue, benign or malignant)
benign
mild, not cancerous
*slow and steady
*resembles pavent tissue
*rarely fatal
Malignant
abnormal cells that are dividing uncontrollably & destroying body tissues.
*metastasize
*immobile when palpated
TNM classification
T: primary tumor
N: reginal lymph nodes
M: distant metastasis
Stage 0 cancer
cancer in situ
Stage 1 cancer
localized to one region
stage 2 cancer
limited local spread
stage 3 cancer
excessive local spread
stage 4 cancer
metastasis- gone to other areas of the body
tissue biopsy
removing a small piece of tissue for microscopic exam
Diagnostic imaging
xray, CT, MRI, mammograms
lab work
specially called tumor markers. Not a normal part of routine lab work. [Show Less]