What is the formula for cardiac output? - ✔✔ CO = HR x SV
What determines stroke volume? - ✔✔ 1. preload
2. afterload
3.
... [Show More] contractility
What is the Frank Starling mechanism? - ✔✔ increased preload causes stretching of myocardial muscle and improves contractility (think of a rubber band stretching - the further you stretch the rubber band, the harder it will rebound)
What activates the Renin Angiotensin system? - ✔✔ decreased perfusion to the kidneys
What happens during cardiac pulmonary edema? - ✔✔ fluid, red blood cells, and protein molecules enter the alveoli, disrupting ventilation and gas exchange, causing hypoxia
In which stage of heart failure is a patient when they have symptoms of cardiac insufficiency at rest? - ✔✔ stage 4
Which hormone is increased when symptoms of heart failure increase? - ✔✔ brain natriuretic peptide
What is hemodynamics? - ✔✔ the study of forces involved in blood circulation
What is the PA pressure normally measured with? - ✔✔ Swan-Ganz catheter
Where is central venous pressure monitored? - ✔✔ superior vena cava at the junction of the right atria
What is a normal central venous pressure? - ✔✔ 2-6mmHg
At what level does the mean arterial pressure severely jeopardize perfusion to vital organs? - ✔✔ below 50
What is preload? - ✔✔ the amount of volume in the heart before diastole
What is afterload? - ✔✔ the amount of resistance the heart has to overcome to eject its contents
What is the cardiac index used for? - ✔✔ used to assess the heart's ability to meet the body's oxygen demands based on the body surface area
What is the normal range for cardiac index? - ✔✔ 2.8-4.2 L/min/m^2
What is the best way to measure fluid volume status? - ✔✔ daily weight
What does ejection fraction measure? - ✔✔ Measures the contractility of the heart. It is the % of blood ejected with each heart beat.
What is the normal range for ejection fraction? - ✔✔ 50-70%
What are the aortic baroreceptors and what do they do? - ✔✔ 1. alpha - vasoconstrict (alpha squeeze)
2. beta-1 - increase heart rate and contractility (you have 1 heart)
3. beta-2 - brochodilate and vasodilate (you have 2 lungs)
What happens to systemic vascular resistance when a client becomes septic? - ✔✔ SVR gets low
What happens to systemic vascular resistance when a client has heart failure? - ✔✔ SVR gets high
What is LMNOP in relation to heart failure? - ✔✔ *L*asix
*M*orphine (to decrease anxiety)
*N*itroglycerin (peripheral dilation)
*O*xygen
*P*osition up (or pressers or pulmonary dilators)
Why are beta blockers bad for COPD patients? - ✔✔ may cause brochoconstriction
What can beta blockers do to glucose labs? - ✔✔ mask hypoglycemia
What are the primary compensatory mechanisms for heart failure? - ✔✔ 1. Frank-Starling mechanism
2. neuroendocrine responses (RAAS, SNS)
3. myocardial hypertrophy
What happens when the primary compensatory mechanisms for heart failure start to fail? - ✔✔ 1. minimal cardiac reserve
2. activity intolerance when client is at rest
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure? - ✔✔ Systolic - can't pump blood out
Diastolic - heart not filling properly
What can cause low output heart failure? - ✔✔ 1. hypovolemia
2. hypothyroidism
What can cause high output heart failure? - ✔✔ hyperthyroidism
What is cardiogenic pulmonary edema also known as? - ✔✔ congestive heart failure
What are the risk factors for heart failure? - ✔✔ 1. CAD, hypertension
2. family history
3. cardiotoxic drugs
4. smoking
5. obesity
6. alcohol abuse
7. diabetes mellitus [Show Less]