A client reports that he believes he will "never lick the habit" of smoking because he has tried before and failed. Using the transtheoretical model
... [Show More] (TTM), what stage of health behavior is the client functioning in?
1. Preparation stage
2. Contemplation stage
3. Termination stage
4. Action stage
5. Precontemplation stage
6. Maintenance stage
5. Precontemplation stage
the person does not change his/her behavior in the next 6 months. In this stage, the client tends to avoid reading, talking, and thinking about his/ her risky behavior
The patient is admitted to the emergency department of the local hospital from home with reports of chest discomfort and shortness of breath. She is placed on oxygen, has labs and blood gases drawn, and is given an electrocardiogram and breathing treatments. What level of preventive care is this patient receiving?
a. Primary prevention
b. Secondary prevention
c. Tertiary prevention
d. Health promotion
b. Secondary prevention
Secondary prevention focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions. Activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention. Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to people considered physically and emotionally healthy. Health promotion includes health education programs, immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities. Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability through interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration.
Which one of the following is an example of the emotional component of wellness?
1. The client chooses healthy foods.
2. A new father decides to take parenting classes.
3. A client expresses frustration with her partner's substance abuse.
4. A widow with no family decides to join a bowling league.
3. A client expresses frustration with her partner's substance abuse
The client who chooses healthy foods represents the physical component.
Taking parenting classes enhances the intellectual component.
Correct. Frustration is an example of an emotion.
The bowling league enhances both the physical and social components.
Which individual appears to have "taken on" the sick role?
1. An obese client states, "I deserve to have a heart attack."
2. A mother is ill and says, "I won't be able to make your lunch today."
3. A man with low back pain misses several physical therapy appointments.
4. An elder states, "My horoscope says I will be well again."
2. A mother is ill and says, "I won't be able to make your lunch today."
The sick role states that persons are not answerable for their illness, contrary to the obese client's perspective.
Correct. The mother has taken on the sick role by expecting to be excused from her usual role responsibilities.
In the sick role, the client tries to get better as opposed to the man who misses his physical therapy appointments.
The elder is not following the sick role expectation to rely on competent help.
To increase quality and years of healthy life, Healthy People 2020 focuses on four areas. One of those areas is
a. Allowing people to continue current behaviors to reduce the stress of change.
b. Focusing only on individual health changes that will lead to better communities.
c. Creating social and physical environments that promote good health.
d. Focusing on illness treatment to provide fast recuperation.
c. Creating social and physical environments that promote good health.
Healthy People 2020 includes four goals, one of which is to create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. The other three include (1) attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death; (2) achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups; and (3) promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.
The nurse refers a new below-the - knee (BKA) amputation client to a support group for amputees. This is an example of what type of prevention?
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Terminal
3. Tertiary
begins after an illness, when a disability is fixed, stabilized, or determined to be irreversible. The focus is to assist rehabilitation and restore clients to highest level of functioning
The patient has been overweight for most of her life. She has tried dieting in the past and has lost weight, only to regain it when she stopped dieting. She is visiting the weight loss clinic/health club because she has decided to do it. She states that she will join right after the holidays, in 3 months. The nurse recognizes that the patient is in which stage of the change process?
a. Precontemplation
b. Contemplation
c. Preparation
d. Action
b. Contemplation
These stages range from no intention to change (precontemplation), to considering a change within the next 6 months (contemplation), to making small changes (preparation), to actively engaging in strategies to change behavior (action), to maintaining a changed behavior (maintenance). This patient is planning to make the change within the next 6 months and is in the contemplation stage.
Because a client recently diagnosed with diabetes mellitus is confident that blood sugar control can be improved with diet and exercise alone, and recently checked out a video on the management of diabetes at the HMO education center, the client's actions are most representative of which model?
1. Health belief model
2. Clinical model
3. Role performance model
4. Agent-host-environment model
1. Health belief model
Correct. The behavior is most representative of health promotion, which is the central focus of the health belief model.
The clinical model focuses on relieving signs and symptoms of illness.
The role performance model emphasizes social activities such as fulfilling a particular role.
The agent-host-environment model focuses on predicting illness.
The nurse is providing health education about injury and poisoning prevention to a group of young mother's at a health fair. What type of prevention is the nurse conducting?
1. Primary prevention
2. Secondary prevention
3. Tertiary prevention
4. Limited prevention
1. Primary prevention
generalized health promotion and specific protection against diseases or specific accidents targeted to a specific group. This intervention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to generally health group
A client has complete confidence that she has learned health behaviors that will enable her to maintain her current health status by exercising three to five times a week, monitoring her dietary intake , and by no longer engaging in risky behaviors. What stage of health behavior is this client experiencing?
1. Maintenance
2. Action
3. Preparation
4. Termination
4. Termination
when individual has complete confidence that problem is no longer a threat or temptation
According to the World Health Organization, what is the best definition for "health"?
a. Simply the absence of disease
b. Involving the total person and environment
c. Strictly personal in nature
d. Status of pathological state
b. Involving the total person and environment
Nurses' attitudes toward health and illness should consider the total person, as well as the environment in which the person lives. All people free of disease are not equally healthy. Views of health have broadened to include mental, social, and spiritual well-being, as well as a focus on health at family and community levels. Conditions of life, rather than pathological states, are what define health.
The client is attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings for support to assist in remaining sober. It is anticipated that the client will remain in this group for several years. What stage of health behavior is the client experiencing?
1. Maintenance
2. Action
3. Preparation
4. Termination
1. Maintenance
when person is striving to prevent relapse by integrating newly adopted behaviors into lifestyle
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The nurse is admitting a patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It is the fourth time the patient is being admitted in the last 6 months for high blood sugars. During the admission process, the nurse asks the patient about her employment status and displays a nonjudgmental attitude. Why does the nurse do this?
a. Noncompliant patients thrive on the disapproval of authority figures.
b. External variables have little effect on compliance.
c. A person's compliance is affected by economic status.
d. Employment status is an internal variable that impacts compliance.
c. A person's compliance is affected by economic status.
A person's compliance with treatment is affected by economic status. A person tends to give a higher priority to food and shelter than to costly drugs or treatments. A person generally seeks approval and support from social networks, and this desire for approval affects health beliefs and practices. Internal and external variables influence how a person thinks and acts toward health care. Employment status is an external variable, not an internal variable.
A 62-year-old male patient has had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for many years but has been unable to quit smoking. When approached by the nurse, he states that he would be "better off dead." He states that he has always supported his family, and now the doctor says he can no longer work because of his condition and oxygen dependency. His wife will now have to go to work, and he is sure that she will not make enough money to pay the bills. In preparing the patient for discharge, the nurse should
a. Develop a plan of care for the family.
b. Contact psychiatric services.
c. Assure the patient that things will work out.
d. Focus the plan of care on maximizing patient function.
a. Develop a plan of care for the family.
Because of the effects of illness, family dynamics often change. The nurse must view the whole family as a patient under stress, planning care to help the family regain its maximal level of functioning and well-being. Psychiatric services may be a part of that plan but do not represent the entire plan. Offering false assurance is never acceptable.
Risk factors can be placed in the following interrelated categories: genetic and physiological factors, age, physical environment, and lifestyle. The presence of any of these risk factors means that
a. A person with the risk factor will get the disease.
b. The chances of getting the disease are increased.
c. The disease is guaranteed not to develop if the risk factor is controlled.
d. Risk modification will have no effect on disease prevention.
b. The chances of getting the disease are increased.
The presence of risk factors does not mean that a disease will develop, but risk factors increase the chances that the individual will experience a particular disease or dysfunction. Control of risk factors does not guarantee that a disease will not develop. However, risk factor identification assists patients in visualizing those areas in life that can be modified or even eliminated to promote wellness and prevent illness.
The nurse is working in a drug rehabilitation clinic and is in the process of admitting a patient who says that she wants to be "detoxified." It is important for the nurse to
a. Identify the patient's stage of change.
b. Realize that the patient is ready to change.
c. Instruct the patient that she will have to change her lifestyle.
d. Instruct the patient that relapses are not tolerated.
a. Identify the patient's stage of change.
Processes of change, or nursing interventions, should be appropriately chosen to match the stage of change. Most behavior change programs are designed for those people who are ready to take action regarding their health behavior problems. Only a minority of people are actually in this action stage. Changes will be maintained over time only if they are integrated into an individual's overall lifestyle. As individuals attempt a change in behavior, relapse followed by recycling through the stages occurs frequently.
An argument for passing "universal health care" legislation is that it would help fulfill the Healthy People 2020 goal of
a. Increasing quality of life in America.
b. Prolonging healthy life in America.
c. Eliminating health disparities in America.
d. Promoting healthy behaviors.
c. Eliminating health disparities in America.
Healthy People 2020 promotes a society in which all people live long, healthy lives. This program has four overarching goals: (1) attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death; (2) achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups; (3) create social and physical environments that promote good health for all; and (4) promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages. Providing health care to all would eliminate disparities in health care by ensuring access. Perhaps the best way to increase quality and years of healthy life is to promote healthy behaviors. However, providing access to health care would not guarantee changes in behaviors, increased quality of life, or prolonged healthy life. [Show Less]