Anatomical and physiological features of the pediatric airway?
large tongue relative to size of oropharynx
obligate nose breathers
smaller airway
... [Show More] diameter
cricoid cartilage narrowest area
larynx more anterior and cephalad
cartilaginous larynx
short neck and short trachea
What is normal respiratory rate for the 5 pediatric age groups?
infant (1-12 months) - 30-60
toddler (1-3 years) - 24-40
preschooler (3-5 years) - 22-34
school age (5-11 years) - 18-30
adolescent (11-18 years) - 12-16
What is the narrowest area of the pediatric airway?
the crichoid cartilage - provides anatomical seal for uncuffed or cuffless ETT in children younger than 8 years old
Anatomical and physiological features of pediatric breathing?
compensatory mechanisms less effective
higher metabolic rate
respiratory rate varies with age
thin chest wall
cartilaginous sternum and ribs
poorly developed intercostal muscles
diaphragm positioned flat
ribs horizontally oriented
fewer smaller alveoli
What age is the respiratory system considered fully developed?
8 years old
Most common chronic childhood illness?
asthma, affects 9.3% of children
Do pediatrics have a higher or lower metabolic rate?
higher - results in more rapid respiratory rate and less efficient use of oxygen and glucose. In addition, other symptoms, such as fever or anxiety, may further increase metabolic rate
A pulse ox reading of less than ____ at sea level is indicative of respiratory compromise?
92%, exceptions include children with uncorrected congenital heart defects
How to estimate ETT size for pediatrics age 1-10?
uncuffed - (age/4)+4, cuffed - (age/4)+3.5
CO2 monitors may not be effective if the child is less than ____?
2kg
The esophageal detector may be considered for confirmation of tracheal tube placement in children weighing ___?
more than 20kg. It is unreliable in children younger than 1 year
The appropriate depth of insertion of an ETT can be estimated by the following formula?
internal tube diameter x3.
Studies show that the use of the length based resuscitation tape to determine depth of the ETT is the most accurate method
An excess of either of these 2 substances causes a direct excitatory effect on the respiratory center, resulting in increased rate of ventilation?
increased PaCO2 or increased H+ [Show Less]