What are the important functions of water? - correct answer - Transport nutrients & 02 and waste
- Medium for metabolic reactions
- Insulation and heat
... [Show More] regulation
- Form and Substance to body tissues
- Lubrication
How much does water account for in total body weight> - correct answer - Adult = 60%
- Infant = 70-80%
Insensible water loss - correct answer continuous, immeasurable and unnoticed water loss
- ex: Perspiration, respiration
Sensible water loss - correct answer - occurs through urine and sweat
- observable and measurable
Electrolytes - correct answer - substances that dissociate in solutions referred as ions
- Help regulate water, acid-base balance and neuromuscular activity
Aldosterone - correct answer Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water
- released by adrenal cortex
ADH - correct answer - antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
- conserves body water by reducing loss through the urine
- works on the distal and collecting tubules
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - correct answer - hormone secreted from atrial cells of the heart
- Responds to increased atrial pressure
- Causes vasodilation, increased urine excretion
- inhibits kidneys from releasing renin
Intracellular fluid (ICF) - correct answer - fluid within cells
- most prevalent cation = Potassium
Extracellular fluid (ECF) - correct answer - fluid outside the cells; includes intravascular and interstitial fluids
- Contains Chloride and Sodium
Hypovolemia - correct answer - loss of normal body fluids
- Due to: diarrhea, hemorrhage, decreased intake, plasma loss
- replaced with isotonic solution (Intravenous or orally)
Hypervolemia - correct answer - excessive blood volume
- result from: increased intake, abnormal retention, interstitial loss to plasma fluid shift
- treatment: diuretics, fluid restriction, sodium restriction
What to assess and monitor for fluid volume deficits? - correct answer - intake and output
- Cardiovascular changes
- Respiratory changes
- Daily weights
- Skin and mucous membranes
- Neurological status
Why are older adults at risk for fluid volume deficit? - correct answer - Decrease muscle mass (decrease total body water)
- Delayed thirst response
- Sweat gland atrophy and less elastic skin
- decreased ability to concentrate urine
- GI and cardiovascular changes
True or False: Infants have a larger amount of ECF thus causing more frequent electrolyte disturbances - correct answer - TRUE
Sodium - correct answer - Range: 135-145 mol/L
- major role in: the effect on ECF volume, nerve impulse transmission, acid-base balance
Hypernatremia - correct answer - Elevated serum sodium occurring with water loss or sodium gain
- Leads to cellular dehydration
Hypernatremia Clinical Manifestations - correct answer - Thirst
- Lethargy/Agitation
- Hallucinations
- Seizure
- Coma
- Disorientation
Why should you reduce sodium levels gradually in a hypernatremia situation? - correct answer - to prevent cerebral edema
Hyponatremia - correct answer - Decreased level of serum sodium
- result from loss of sodium or excess water
Hyponatremia Clinical Manifestations - correct answer - Nausea & Vomiting
- Muscle twitching [Show Less]