CEN Exam chapter 004 Test Bank practice ACTUAL Questions & Answers 2023/2024 VERIFIED
"Adrenergic" is associated with the ______ system correct answers
... [Show More] Sympathetic
"Cholinergic" is associated with the ______ system correct answers Parasympathetic
Activation of the RAAS system leads to...? correct answers Increased water and sodium reabsorption (decreased UO)
Beta-one receptors stimulate the...? correct answers Heart
Beta-two receptors stimulate the...? correct answers Lungs
What is hematologic factors are high in renal failure? correct answers The 3 Ps!
Potassium
Phosphorous
Positive Ions (Acidosis)
(Sodium and calcium are low)
Potassium is closely related with what electrolyte? correct answers Mg
Magnesium is closely related with what electrolyte? correct answers K+
Calcium is inversely related to? correct answers Phosphate and potassium
Phosphate is inversely related to?
closely related to? correct answers Inverse: Calcium
Direct: Potassium
What medication do we never give in thyroid storm? correct answers ASA
What are the s/s of hyponatremia? correct answers swelling, confusion, apathy, sense of doom, *muscle cramps*
What are we worried about when correcting hyponatremia? correct answers Correcting sodium too rapidly can cause central pontine myelinolysis (flaccid paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, hypotension)
What are the s/s of hypernatremia? correct answers AMS (fatigue, lethargy, confusion, coma), weakness, diarrhea
(think of how you feel after eating McDonalds^^^)
What are the early s/s of hyperkalemia? correct answers muscular excitability, irritability, N/V/D
What are the late s/s hyperkalemia? correct answers *fatigue*, weakness, distal limb paresthesia, tetany, respiratory depression, ascending paralysis
What are the cardiovascular s/s of hyperkalemia? correct answers 1. Peaked T wave
2. Elongated PR interval
3. Absent P wave
4. Enlarging QRS complex
5. Sin wave (very bad sign)
How do we treat hyperkalemia? correct answers 1. Stabilize cardiac membrane with CaCl or Ca Gluconate
2. Shift potassium into the cells with high dose albuterol (15-25mg) and Insulin 10units IV push with 100mL of 50% dextrose IV push
3. Remove potassium from the cells (HD, NS and furosemide, Ion exchange resin like kayexalate)
What are the s/s of hypokalemia? correct answers Frequently asymptomatic. Weakness, hyporeflexia, latent tetany, paralysis to the lower extremities, respiratory failure, paresthesia. Prominent U wave on the ECG causing a "camel-hump" appearance to the T-wave, ST depression
**treat hypokalemia with magnesium too since they often coincide
What are the s/s of hypermagnesemia? correct answers Neuromuscular depression, decreased DTR, constipation, N/V, fatigue, tall T waves, depressed ST segmants
How do we treat hypermagnesemia? correct answers 1. Reduce serum mag (fluids and loop diuretics)
2. Reduce ingestion of magnesium (dark leafy greens, nuts, seeds, fish, beans, whole grains, avocados, yogurt, bananas, dried fruit, dark chocolate
3. Dialysis (give calcium while awaiting dialysis)
What are the s/s of hypomagnesemia? correct answers Mild to moderate is usually asymptomatic
Severely low causes *neuromuscular excitability*: tetanic contractions, perioral or finger paresthesia, positive Chvostek's sign, positive trousseaus's sign, seizures. Prolonged PR interval, widened QRS complex
What are the s/s of hypocalcemia? correct answers *The same as hyperphosphatemia*
Neuromuscular excitability (positive Chvosteks and trousseaus), shortened ST segment, and widened T wave
How do we treat hypocalcemia? correct answers 1-2 amps of 10% calcium gluconate mixed with D5W over 10-20 minutes
(Remember potassium rises with low calcium!)
How do we treat hyperphosphatemia? correct answers Limit phosphate intake, give oral phosphate binding agents such as aluminum hydroxide (antacids), increased excretion (IV fluids, diuretics) [Show Less]