What are risk factors for pulmonary disease? - correct answer Smoking, vapor or chemical toxins, particulates, 2nd hand smoke, VOCs, formaldehyde,
... [Show More] chlorine, asbestos, silica, coal dust.
What are risk factors for CV disease? - correct answer Smoking, blood lipid alterations, body composition and distribution, glucose metabolism alterations (diabetes, insulin R), HTN, lack of physical activity, genetics, age, gender.
What are central factors of CV disease? - correct answer Inflammation or mechanical damage of endothelium, cascade of events is initiated leading to both physiological and structural alterations, renal (and other) system is involved.
What are central factors of pulmonary disease? - correct answer Inflammation or mechanical damage of airway epithelium, cascade of events is initiated leading to both physiological and structural alterations, skeletal muscle fibrosis and other organ systems are involved.
What are key characteristics of obstructive lung disease (OLD)? - correct answer Airflow limitation and gas trapping.
What are types of OLD? - correct answer Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, bronchiectasis.
OLD is the __ leading cause of death in the US. - correct answer 4th
What are general COPD characteristics? - correct answer Hyperinflated lungs, flattened diaphragm, RVH due to ^ pulmonary vascular R due to v croass-sectional area, increased airway reactivity, increased mucous production, worsened sxs when supine.
What is one way to gauge if a pt's COPD sxs are getting better? - correct answer Ask how many pillows the pt uses, or if they don't have to elevate their head as much anymore.
What is chronic bronchitis? - correct answer Swelling and inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles.
What is the dx criteria for chronic bronchitis? - correct answer Productive cough on most days for 3 consecutive months for 2 consecutive years not due to known specific cause like pneumonia.
What does chronic bronchitis typically result from? - correct answer Chronic exposure to smoke or other air pollutants.
What is the Reid index for chronic bronchitis? - correct answer Thickness of bronchial mucous gland divided by thickness of entire bronchial wall is ~ 60%; =/< 25% is normal.
What are some sxs of chronic bronchitis? - correct answer Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, acidosis (may be in normal range but no higher than 7.39), increased bicarbonate, polycythemia, ^ hematocrit, RVH.
What is emphysema? - correct answer Excess proteolytic enzymes and deficient protease inhibitors cause the destruction of alveolar walls resulting in fewer but larger alveoli. So, the alveoli merge and gas V ^.
What are sxs of emphysema? - correct answer Dyspnea w exertion progressing to resting dyspnea, cough, use of accessory mm, prolonged expiration, deconditioning, professorial posture.
What are anatomical features of emphysema? - correct answer Flattened diaphragm, RVH, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, acidosis, increased bicarbonate, skeletal muscle myopathy, progresses from respiratory insufficiency to respiratory failure.
What is centriacinar emphysema? - correct answer Destruction of central acinus near respiratory bronchioles, assoc w smoking and pollutants.
What is panacinar emphysema? - correct answer The changes are more diffuse, assoc w alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and killing Andy Kaufman. [Show Less]