Somatic nervous system
Part of PNS; associated with voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Part of PNS; associated with
... [Show More] involuntary movements that may regulate body processes such as breathing; sympathetic (fight or flight) & parasympathetic (calming, relaxation); have ganglia for sympathetic and parasympathetic near spinal cord
Brainpower
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Peripheral nervous system
nerves and sensory organs beyond brain & spinal cord
Central nervous system
brain & spinal cord
Basal Ganglia
group of neurons; involved in control of movement; subcortical in forebrain below corpus callosum; injured in those with Parkinsons
Nucleus
center of cell, containing chromosomal DNA and nucleolus
Dura mater
closest to skull; outer layer, thick but flexible
Arachnoid membrane
middle layer, web-like and spongy
Pia mater
innermost layer, closely attached to brain and spinal cord; contains smaller surface blood vessels of brain and spinal cord
Subarachnoid space
between arachnoid membrane and pia mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Cranial nerves
12 nerves deriving straight from brain or brainstem; used to bring information directly from sensory organs (afferent) or to muscles (efferent); sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region
Sodium/Potassium pump
used to maintain axon at resting potential; keeping Na+ out and K+ in
Glial cells
support cells for neurons; include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, radial glia, Schwann cells; "nerve glue"
Astrocytes
star shaped; physical support and clean up debris inside brain via phagocytosis; regulates chemical composition of fluid around neurons by providing nutrients from bloodstream
Oligodendrocytes
produces myelin sheath
Microglia
smallest of glia cells; "immune system" for brain; phagocytes, protect from invading microorganisms; active only when there is brain damage and leaves behind scar tissue
Radial glia
prenatal, brain development; used to guide neurons to where they will eventually develop
Schwann cells
produces myelin sheath but in PNS, stimulate growth of neuron!! - diff than oligodendrocyte
Induction
response to growth factors that induces ectoderm to eventually form the neural plate of which the neural tube and CNS form
Migration
radial glial cells guide the new neurons to correct location; layers of cortex start forming from inside, meaning that each new neuron must past through previously developed neural cells
Neural crest
group of cells derived from neural plate crest (above the tube) that separate away after neural tube is complete; contribute to formation of PNS & glial cells
Neural groove
resulting space of between the neural folding of the plate during neuralation
Neural tube
hollow tube that forms from ectodermal tissue early in embryonic development; serves as the origin of the central nervous system for brain and spinal cord
Myelin sheath
insulation for axons to prevent messages from spreading between adjacent axons; 80% lipid, 20% protein; not continuous
Meninges
three layers of tissue that encase the central nervous system
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges covering brain/spinal cord and causes the layers to swell and push against arteries which compromising nerve's blood supply
Epidural hematoma
Brain injury caused by trauma where damaged blood vessels within the skull lead to a blood build up between outer layer of the brain and the skull; Causes dura to break away from the cell; Can lead to death because blood pools inside rigid skull and brain is forced out through an opening at base of the skull (coning) causing irreparable damage and brain death
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
progressive degenerative disease of the brain with a history of repetitive brain trauma, including concussions; progressive degeneration of the brain tissue, including the build-up of an abnormal protein called tau
Subdural hematoma
blood build up between dura and arachnoid space that causes blood to seep out of blood vessels
Cerebral spinal fluid
fluid produced in ventricles that ends up in subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater) that helps with mechanical support, spatial buffering inside rigid skull, and regulation of extracellular environment
Choroid plexus
plexus inside ventricle where cerebrospinal fluid is produced
Hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of CSF in ventricles of the brain that presses against brain tissue causing intercranial pressure; can use shunt to drain excess CSF into peritoneal cavity
Synaptogenesis
formation of synapses between neurons; explosion of synaptogenesis occurs in early brain development
Presynaptic neuron
neuron delivering the neurotransmitters into synapse
Postsynaptic neuron
neuron receiving the neurotransmitters on receptors of dendritic membrane
Synapse
junction between terminal button of presynaptic neuron and dendrites of postsynaptic neuron; can also be on dendrite, axon, or soma (not just at terminal end)
Axons
long thin cylindrical structure that conveys information from soma to terminal button
Dendrites
branched/treelike structure that is attached to soma and receives information from presynaptic neuron terminal button
Dendritic spine
branches/extensions of dendrite
Axoplasmic Transport
active transport by which substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon
Neurofilaments
structural support for neuron; intermediate filaments that shape the cytoskeleton of neuron
Blood brain barrier
semipermeable barrier between blood and the brain produced by the cells in the walls of the brain's capillaries that keeps blood and brain separate
Cell body
soma; contains nucleus and processes for living
Axon hillock
part of soma that connects to axon; place at which if signals override the threshold, then action potential will fire down axon [Show Less]