Towards stimulus
positive response
Away from stimulus
Negative response
single celled organisms reproduction
Duplicate DNA> divide it
... [Show More] equally> prepares to form two new cells
Multicellular organisms reproduction
Specialized germ line cells that form new individuals
Genes passed to offspring
Direct cell growth and development to ensure same characteristics
Regulation
Even small organisms require regulating mechanisms to coordinate internal functions, respond to stimuli, and cope with environmental stress (ex. Blood flow and nutrient transport)
Homeostasis
(Steady state) appropriate conditions such as temp, pH, and concentration of diverse chemicals
Energy Processing
All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities (photosynthesis and cellular respiration)
Atom
smallest and most fundamental unit of matter
Molecule
two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds
Macromolecule
Biologically important, large molecules that are typically formed by polymerization
Polymer
A large molecule made by combining similar units called monomers, simpler than macromolecules
Organelles
Groups of macromolecules surrounded by a membrane
Cells
The smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms
Prokaryotes
single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles
Eukaryotes
have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
Tissues
Group of similar cells carrying out similar or related functions
Organs
Collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function
Organ System
the higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs
Organisms
individual living things (single and multi celled)
Population
all of the individuals of a species that live in the same area (pine trees, flowers)
Community
Sum of populations inhabiting a particular area (pine trees + flowers)
Ecosystem
all the living and nonliving things in an area
Biosphere
Highest level of organization, collection of all ecosystems, represents zones of life on earth
Biodiversity
Variety of living organism, genetic differences, and communities and ecosystems they occur in
alpha biodiversity
Diversity within a particular area, community, or ecosystems; measured by counting number of taxa in ecosystems
beta diversity
Species diversity between ecosystems, comparing number of taxa that are unique to each ecosystem
gamma diversity
Measurement of overall diversity for different ecosystems within a region
benefits of biodiversity
Provides food, medicines, products, increases potential fro new products, and provides ecological services
phylogenetic tree
a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms
Taxonomy
"Arrangement law" since of classifying organisms to construct internationally shared classification systems with each organism placed into more and more classified groups
Taxon
Name at each level
Body Plan
An assemblage of morphological features shared among many numbers of a phylum (morphology in development)
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food.
Extant
still in existence
Parazoa
Sponges
Eumentazoa
All other animals minus sponges
Animal development is dictated by...
Hox Genes
metamorphosis
A change in the form and often habits of an animal after the embryonic stage during normal development
HOX gene (homeobox)
Genes responsible for determining the general body plan, such as number of body segments, number of placement appendages, and head tail directionally; homologous
Blastula
A 6-32 celled hollow structure that is formed after a zygote undergoes cell division.
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
radial symmetry
A form of symmetry where in identical parts are arranged in a circular fashion around a central axis
bilateral symmetry
Having equal arrangement of parts about a vertical place running from head to tail
Cephalization
Refers to the collection of an organized nervous system at the animal's anterior end
Protostome
Any animals in which the mouth is derived first from embryonic blastopore
Deuterstome
Any animal in which initial pore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus, and the second pore becomes the mouth
Diploblast
A blastula in which there are two primary types germ layers (endoderm and ectoderm)
Triploblast
A blastula in which there are three primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
Acoelomate
Any animal without s coelom, body cavity, instead filled with tissue
Coelmate
Any animal possessing a fluid filled cavity within which the digestive system is suspended
schizocoely
the process by which protostome animal embryos develop; it occurs when a coelom (body cavity) is formed by splitting the mesodermal embryonic tissue [Show Less]