What are pathology, etiology, and pathogenesis? - Pathology - the study of disease
Etiology - the cause of disease
Pathogenesis - studying the process
... [Show More] of disease
How does the term disease differ from infection? - Disease - movement of the body away from a state of "health"
Infection - colonization of the body by microorganisms
What are the three types of symbiosis? - 1) Mutualism (+/+) → Ex. E. Coli
2) Commensalism (+/0) → Ex. Candida albicans
3) Parasitism (+/-) → Ex. Vibrio cholera
What is normal flora? Examples? - Microorganism in/on the body at all times,
500 to 5,000 species at all times
Ex. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, E. Coli
What is microbial antagonism? Examples? - "Good bacteria," normal flora, inhibit/prevent growth of pathogens
1) Out Compete: S. epidermidis
2) Change in Environment: L. acidophilus
3) Bacteriocins: inhibits bacterial growth, E. Coli
How is normal flora acquired? - L. acidophilus - vaginal birth
S. epidermidis - nursing
E. Coli - contaminated food, items
What are opportunistic pathogens? Examples? - Normal flora that can cause disease in other locations of the body
Ex. E. Coli → UTI, wound, lungs, CSF
S. aureus → UTI, wound
What are probiotics? Examples? - Intentional ingestion of "good" bacteria to antagonize "bad" bacteria
Ex. Yogurt, Fecal Transplant
What are Koch's postulates? - Method used to identify the etiological cause of an infectious disease
What are some limitations to Koch's postulates? - 1) Some disease have multiple causes
2) Some bacteria only cause disease in certain hosts
3) Some microbes cannot be pure cultured
4) Ethical concerns
What are symptoms and signs? Examples? - Symptoms - a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of a disease
Signs - a change due to a disease that a person can observe and measure
What are meant by the terms communicable, contagious, and non-communicable? - Communicable - any disease that can be spread from one host to another
Contagious - a disease that is easily spread from one person to another
Non-Communicable - a disease that is not transmitted from one person to another
How does incidence differ from prevalence? - Incidence - the fraction of the population that contracts a disease during a particular period of time
Prevalence - the fraction of the population having a specific disease at a given time
What is meant by the terms sporadic, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and herd immunity? - Sporadic - a disease that occurs occasionally in a population
Endemic - a disease that is constantly present in a certain population
Epidemic - a disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
Pandemic - an epidemic that occurs worldwide
Herd Immunity - the presence of immunity in most of a population
What are acute, chronic, and latent infections? - Acute - a disease in which symptoms develop rapidly but last for only a short time
Chronic - an illness that develops slowly and is likely to continue or recur for long periods
Latent - a condition in which a pathogen remains in the host for long periods without producing disease
What are local, systemic, and subclinical infections? - Local - an infection in which pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
Systemic - an infection throughout the body
Subclinical - an infection that does not cause a noticeable illness; also called inapparent infections
What is meant by bacteremia, sepsis and toxemia? - Bacteremia - a condition in which there are bacteria in the blood
Sepsis - the presence of a toxin or pathogenic organism in blood and tissue
Toxemia - the presence of toxins in the blood
What are primary and secondary infections? - Primary - an acute infection that causes the initial illness
Secondary - an infection caused by an opportunistic microbe after a primary infection has weakened the host's defense
What are predisposing factors? Examples? - Anything that makes the body more susceptible to a disease or alters the course of a disease
What are the stages of an infection? - 1) Reservoir
2) Transmission
3) Portal of Entry
4) Adherence
5) Avoid Host Defenses
6) Host Damage
7) Exit Portal
When can microorganisms be transmitted? -
What are three types of reservoirs of infection? - 1) Human
2) Animal → zoonosis (rabies)
3) Non Living → Food, soil, air, water
What are zoonoses? Examples? - A disease that occurs primarily in wild and domestic animals but can be transmitted to humans [Show Less]