T/F Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells.
False
The resting potential of neurons is:
-60 mv (The answer is not on
... [Show More] this list.)
T/F The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system.
True
In the motor end plate, the event that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is:
Calcium Ions
Draw an action potential in the axon of a neuron and indicate which ions flow into the neuron and out of the neuron as the action potential passes at the point where the electrodes are in the cell. Be sure to assign on the Y-axis the mV of each of these areas. This should be as described in my lectures.
The action potential is:
A result of the movement of ions.
T/F The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal.
False
T/F When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate.
True
The post-synaptic cell can be:
In glands, muscle cells, neurons
T/F Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the post-synaptic cell.
True
T/F Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin.
False
T/F Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating.
False
T/F The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron.
False
List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function.
- Microglia: Are part of the cellular immune system to protect the brain since the humoral immune system usually cannot cross the BB barrier.
- Astrocytes: Contribute to the blood brain barrier
- Schwann Cells: myelinates axons of the neurons in the PNS
- Oligodendrocytes: Myelinates axons of the neurons of the CNS
The central nervous system (CNS) contains:
Brain and Spinal Cord (There is no correct answer).
T/F Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel.
False
T/F Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid
False
T/F The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K- ATPase pump.
True
T/F The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory.
False
T/F
The axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs.
True
T/F
Voltage-gated ion channels open when a protein binds to the receptor.
False
The neural tissues are:
Spinal cord, sensory neurons, and brain
T/ F Receptors are made from membrane-bound polyribosomes.
True
Draw a neuron, and label all the parts as described in lecture.
Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web.
The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels.
T/F Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell.
True
How do the glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons?
The cell wraps extensions of a fatty insulating substance (myelin) around the axons of neurons which increase the speed because the action potential jumps from each node of ranvier rather than going down the entire length and firing each Na+K+ pump.
The terminal web:
Is a site of exocytosis
T/F Potassium ions are at high concentrations inside of cells including in neurons.
True
T/F Excitatory synapses make the post-synaptic cell less likely to fire.
False
T/F Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol
True
When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic Nervous System.
T/F Insulin is produced by alpha cells.
False
T/F When the Sympathetic nervous system is triggered glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy.
True
T/F The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline).
True
Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved?
This could cause Osteoporosis and the parathyroid is involved in this.
T/F Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis.
True
T/F Insulin is a ligand.
True
What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body?
Stress can cause your sympathetic nervous system to turn on "the fight or flight response" activating stored glycogen in your cells, thusly raising your blood sugar levels.
T/F The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggered to act by exposure to epinephrine.
False
Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate the balance (i.e, homeostasis) between glycogen and glucose when epinephrine (i.e., adrenalin) is not involved.
Glucagon and Insulin work in a negative feedback loop together to keep your blood sugar in a normal range (in a healthy person). Insulin works when your pancreas detects when you have high levels of glucose in your blood stream. Insulin binds to the cells, and some use glucose as energy, and others, like your liver store it as glycogen. Glucagon is the opposite of insulin. After you haven't eaten in a while, your blood glucose levels lower and glucagon signals the cells that have the stored glycogen (liver and muscle cells) to then turn it back into glucose for the other cells to use for energy.
T/F Vitamin D is really a hormone.
True
Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen?
Fats have stored glycogen in them that can be converted back to glucose for other cells to use, when our blood glucose levels are low.
T/F Surfactants is one of the later components made in the fetus (prior to birth).
True
What does carbonic anhydrase do?
carbonic anhydrase, aids in the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions. When red blood cells reach the lungs, the same enzyme helps to convert the bicarbonate ions back to carbon dioxide, which we breathe out.
T/F Red blood cells carry CO2 back to the lungs.
False
T/F The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates the production of bicarbonates in the blood.
True
T/F Veins and venueles have valves in them, but arteries and arterioles do not.
True
There are two factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin- list them.
Drop in pO2 (Partial pressure)
Drop in PH (Bohr effect)
T/F The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure.
False
Once inside the circulatory system __________________ is the molecule that binds oxygen.
Hemoglobin
T/F The lungs have increased surface area to increase the movement of oxygen into the circulatory system.
True
When arterial blood pressure falls the body compensates to raise the blood pressure. Explain this process.
1) kidney releases renin
2) renin activates angiotensin
3) angiotensin causes vessels to constrict
4) arterial pressure rises
To prevent back flow of blood in the heart there are __________________.
Valves
The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the __________________ __________________.
sinoatrial node
T/F When the diaphragm is relaxed, it allows air to leave the lungs including the residual volume.
False
T/F Tidal breathing causes the incoming air to mix with some older air in the lungs.
True
T/F Unlike other epithelia the epithelia that make up the capillaries have holes in them called fenestrations.
True
There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by __________________.
Myoglobin [Show Less]