Motivating Operations (MO)
An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or
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Contingency
Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior an it's controlling variables.
Satiation
Repeated presentation of a reinforcer weakens its effectiveness and for this reason the rate of responses declines.
Positive Reinforcement
A type of reinforcement in which the presentation of the stimulus is contingent upon the response, resulting in an increase in the future probability of that response
Negative Reinforcement
A type of reinforcement in which removal of a stimulus is contingent on a response, resulting in an increase in the future probability of that response.
Positive Punishment
A type of punishment in which stimulus presentation is contingent on a response, resulting in the decrease of the future probability of that response
Negative Punishment
A type of punishment in which stimulus removal is contingent on a response, resulting in the decrease of the future probability of that response.
Establishing Operations (EO)
Increases motivation for something and increases likelihood you will try to access that reinforcer
Abolishing Operations (AO)
Decreases motivation for something and decreases likelihood you will try to access that reinforcer
Discriminative Stimulus (SD)
A stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced and in the absence of which that response will not be reinf
Stimulus Control (Discriminative Control)
The tendency for the target behavior to occur in the presence of the SD (b/c it was reinforced in the past)
Discrimination Training
Teach the child to respond to/tell the difference between two (or more) SDs.
Discrete Trial Training (DTT)
A specific method of teaching in which a task is isolated and taught across multiple trials. A specific opportunity (antecedent) is presented and a specific response is expected. A consequence follows the response.
Fluency-Based Training
Taking an existing skill and increasing accuracy and speed of skill performance in order to develop competence
Errorless Learning
Involves early and immediate prompting of the target response so that the learner's response is sure to be correct.
Most-to-Least Prompting
Fading from one type of prompt to another less intrusive prompt. Most assistance to least assistance.
Least-to-Most Prompting
Staring with a least intrusive prompt possible and the client is not successful, therefore having to move to more intrusive prompts until the client responds.
Chaining
A chain of sequence of SDs and responses where each response in the sequence (expect for the last one) produces the SD for the next response in the sequence; A complex bx that is comprised of many single responses that occur in a specific sequence
Forward Chaining
Begin with the first SD-Response component in the chain and then continue forward though the remaining SD-Response components
Backward Chaining
Begin with the final step, or the last SD-Response component, then move backwards towards the remaining components
Total Task Presentation
All of the SD-Response components of the chain are taught during every learning trial. A reinforcer is delivered after each SD-Response component.
Shaping
Systematically reinforcing successive approximations of a target bx while extinguishing previous approximations.
Noncontingent Reinforcer
The delivery of functional reinforcers on a time based schedule, independent of the problem behavior
Replacement Behavior
Other behaviors or skills taught that are an appropriate substitute for a problem behavior.
Escape Extinction
Planned ignoring of the problem behavior maintained by social negative reinforcement (the ability to escape a situation/demand)
Attention Extinction
Planned ignoring of the problem behavior maintained by social positive reinforcement (receiving attention from another person)
Access to Tangible Extinction
Planned ignoring of the problem behavior maintained by social positive reinforcement (the ability to gain a desired item)
Extinction Burst
The bx on extinction briefly increases in frequency, duration, or intensity before it decreases and stops.
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)
The delivery of reinforcers contingent on an alternative response, where a specific replacement bx is identified and only that specific box is reinforced.
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)
The delivery of reinforcers contingent on a specific desirable bx that is physically incompatible with the problem bx so that both responses could not occur at the same time.
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)
The delivery of reinforcers on an internal schedule, contingent upon the absence of the problem bx. With this, any appropriate bx other than the problem bx is reinforced
Deprivation
The absence or reduction of a reinforcer for a period of time. The deprivation is an establishing operation that inc. the effectiveness of reinforcers
Extinction
A procedure by which a bx that was previously reinforced no loner received reinforcement and the probability of the behavior decreases. Examples include planned ignoring, escape extinction, and sensory extinction/response blocking.
Generalization
Occurs when a child uses a newly acquired skill in a novel and appropriate situation or setting & engages in new forms of the newly acquired skill w/o being taught to do so
Maintenance
The continuation of a behavior change after all or part of the intervention responsible for the behavior change has been faded or terminated. [The extent to which the child continues to demonstrate: reduction of prob. behaviors and inc. of appropriate bx]
Premack Principle
AKA: "If...then..." When a highly preferred activity can be used to reinforce a low preferred activity.
Response Blocking
The source of reinforcement is blocked or stopped by the therapist in order to eliminate the reinforcing sensory stimulus
Redirection
Prompting a client to engage in a different bx than they are trying to engage in
Overcorrection
The procedure of reducing the frequency of a target bx by making restitution for damaged and practice of appropriate bx contingent upon the target bx (Do a task plus more)
Response Cost
A response reduction procedure in which bx is weakened by the removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer, contingent upon the occurrence of the problem bx.
Spontaneous Recovery
After a bx has been extinguished or reduced for a period of time an increase in the magnitude of the behavior occurs.
Time-Out from Reinforcement
A response reduction procedure in which bx is weakened by the brief removal of all sources of social positive reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of problem bx. (This is only effective when the child is in a preferred environment and moved to a less preferred environment).
Replacement Behavior Interventions
Eliminating reinforcement for a problem bx while reinforcing a replacement bx.
Types of replacement Behavior interventions
Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)
Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)
Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL)
Types of time out
Non exclusionary
Exclusionary
Seclusionary
Autism
Characterized by impairment in ability to form normal social relationships, impairment in ability to communicate with others, and repetitive behavior patterns
3 types of functional behavior assessment
1. Indirect
2. Descriptive
3. Experimental functional analyses
Types of reinforcement
Positive, negative, automatic
Automatic reinforcement
Behavior itself produces the reinforcement
Automatic Positive Reinforcement
The bx is reinforcing on its own, b/c it produces a sight, sound, taste, feel, smell, or motion that the child enjoys. Often maintains stereotypical bx.
Examples of social positive reinforcement
Attention, access to tangibles
Examples of automatic negative reinforcement
Relief from a painful stimulus, escape from aversive sensory stimulus
Socially Mediated Reinforcement
Reinforcer is provided by another person
Examples of automatic positive reinforcement
Reinforcing sensory stimuli, self-stimulatory bx
Examples of social negative reinforcement
Escape from demands, escape from aversive setting, escape from sensory stimuli
Attention Function (of behavior)
Whether it be positive or negative attention, behavior occurs b/c some type of attention is given
Escape Function (of behavior)
Escape from demands or tasks being placed on them
2 goals of behavior management
1. Reduce problem behavior
2. Build alternative appropriate behaviors that serve the same function
4 basic functions of behavior
1. Social positive
2. Social negative
3. Automatic positive
4. Automatic negative
Behavior Deficits in Individuals with Autism
Language, play, social skills, perspective taking/theory of mind, executive function, motor skills, self-help, school skills
Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity
Ranging from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth convo.; to reduced sharing of interests, emotions, or affect; to failure to initiate or respond to social interactions.
Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interactions
Ranging from poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal comm.; to abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures; to a total lack of facial expressions and non-verbal comm.
Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships
Ranging from difficulties adjusting behaviors to suit various social contexts; to difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends; to an apparent absence of interest in peers
Behavior excesses in individuals with autism
Stereotypy, Noncompliance, Tantrums, and Aggression
4 reasons a behavior can be problematic
1. Topography
2. Context
3. Intensity
4. Frequency
Experimental Functional Analyses (EFA)
Systematically manipulate the antecedents and consequences associated with a problem behavior in order to identify maintaining reinforcers.
Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)
A systematic evaluation of the antecedent and [Show Less]