Macromolecules:
Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid, Protein, Enzyme
Carbohydrate: Sugars and starches which body breaks down to glucose
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... [Show More] Structural function: cellulose and chitin ● Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen ● Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids Lipids: Fatty acids and their derivatives that are soluble in water ● H and C and main components ● Fats ● Hydrophobic- thus help separate aqueous compartments ● Store energy (fats, oils, adipose) Protein: Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
● Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20 types) ● Keratin and Collagen (hydrophobic)- not soluble in water, found in structural protein ● Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes) ● Function as transport carries or signal transfer Nucleic Acids: Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA
● DNA stores genetic material ● Chromosomes ● RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA Enzymes: Class of protein that catalyze biochemical reactions ● Not consumed in reaction ● Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy ● Exergonic: release energy ● Endergonic: require energy ● Energy is supplied and released as ATP
● Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzymes active site)
DNA and RNA
DNA: macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to produce proteins
● Nucleotide: the building block of DNA and RNA ● Nitrogenous Base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine ● Purines: Adenine and Guanine ● Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine ● Codon: A group of 3 nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino acids (Synthesized from RNA during TRANSLATION) ● Hydrogen Bonds: Connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine (A-T) and (C-G). Non-covalent, weak. o RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine ● Double Helix structure
● Coded or read 5'→3' ● Sugar(pentose)-Phosphate backbone (deoxyribose and phosphate group- bound to 4 oxygen atoms)
DNA Replication DNA Helicase: Unzips and Unwinds DNA strand DNA Primase: Generates RNA Primer. Act as a template for starting point of DNA Replication
DNA Polymerase: Synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA strands in 5'→3' direction Topoisomerase: Prevents supercoiling
DNA Ligase: Joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides Okazaki Fragment: Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand Single Strand Binding Protein: Stabilize structure during replication
Leading Strand: Replicated continuously in the 3' to 5' direction Lagging Strand: Replicated discontinuously in short sections [Show Less]