Macromolecules:
Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid, Protein, Enzyme
Carbohydrate: Sugars and starches which body breaks down to glucose
●Structural
... [Show More] function: cellulose and chitin
●Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin,glycogen
●Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids
Lipids: Fatty acids and their derivatives that are soluble in water
●H and C and main components
●Fats
●Hydrophobic-thus help separate aqueous compartments
●Store energy (fats, oils,adipose)
Protein: Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
●Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20types)
●Keratin and Collagen (hydrophobic)-not soluble in water, found in structural protein
●Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies,enzymes)
●Function as transport carries or signal transfer
Nucleic Acids: Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA
●DNA stores genetic material
●Chromosomes
●RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA
Enzymes: Class of protein that catalyze biochemical reactions
●Not consumed in reaction
●Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy
●Exergonic: release energy
●Endergonic: require energy
●Energy is supplied and released As ATP
●Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzymes active site)
DNA and RNA
DNA: macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to
produce proteins
●Nucleotide: the building block of DNA andRNA
●Nitrogenous Base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, andCytosine
●Purines: Adenine andGuanine
●Pyrimidines: Thymine andCytosine
●Codon: Agroup of 3 nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino
acids (Synthesized from RNA duringTRANSLATION)
●Hydrogen Bonds: Connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine (A-T) and (C-G). Non-covalent,weak.
oRNA: Uracil replaces Thymine
●Double Helixstructure
●Coded or read5'→3'
●Sugar(pentose)-Phosphate backbone (deoxyribose and phosphate group-bound to 4oxygen
atoms)
DNA Replication
DNA Helicase: Unzips and Unwinds DNA strand
DNA Primase: Generates RNA Primer. Act as a template for starting point of DNA Replication
DNA Polymerase: Synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA
strands in 5'→3' direction
Topoisomerase: Prevents super coiling
DNALigase:JoinsDNAfragmentstogetherbyformingphosphodiesterbondsbetweennucleotides
Okazaki Fragment: Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand
Single Strand Binding Protein: Stabilize structure during replication
Leading Strand: Replicated continuously in the 3' to 5' direction
Lagging Strand: Replicated discontinuously in short sections●Mitosis= “daughter cell” exact
replica
oInterphase (G1, S,
G2)
oProphase
oMetaphase
Cell Cycle
●Meiosis= “daughter cells” different geneticcoding
oOnly happens ingametes*
o1
stphase
●chromosomes crossover
●genetic material exchanged
●tetrads of 4 chromatids formed
□Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and go to different poles
□2 cells go through 2ndcell division
□4 daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes
●Haploid : contains half genetic material of parent cell
●Zygote-controls cell differentiation
¾ groups of cells
¾ Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective
1.Epithelial: (joined together tightly) ex.Skin
2.Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) ex. Bone tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat,
blood, lymph
□Protects& binds body parts
a.Cartilage: cushions & provides structural support
i.Fibrous
Tissues
b.Blood: transports oxygen to cells & removes waste / ALSO carries hormones & defends against disease
c.Bone: (hard) produces red blood cells
3.Muscle: Support & move body
a.Smooth
b.Cardiac
c.Skeletal
4.Nervous: ex. Brain, spinal cord, &nerves
a.Neurons-control responses to changes in environment
Organs
¾ groups of tissues
ex. Heart = muscle tissue in myocardium; connective tissue in blood; nervous tissue for heart rate;
epithelial tissue in membranes
Organ Systems
¾ groups of organs
1.Integumentary(Exocrine System)
a.Skin
i.Sebaceous glands sweat glands
ii.Hair
iii.Nails
b.Protection
i.Protects body from pathogens
c.Secretion
i.Secreteoil
d.Communication
i.Sensory receptors send info. about pain, touch, pressure, and temperature
LAYERS OF THE SKIN
1.Epidermis
a.Most superficial layer of skin
b.Epithelial cells **Does not contain any blood vessels
c.Stratumbasale
i.deepestportion
ii.single layer of cells
iii.keratinized
1.waxy protein waterproofs skin
2.Dermis
a.Mostly connective tissue
b.Blood vessels, sensory receptors, hair follicles, sebaceous
glands, sweat glandsc.Elastin and collagen fibers
3.Subcutaneous layer/Hypodermis
a.Connectivetissue
i.Binds skin to musicle
b.Fat deposits cushion and
insulate TEMPERATURE HOMEOSTASIS
¾ skin is involved in temperature homeostasis through sweat glands
a.Controlled by negative feedback system
a.Receptor
i.Sensory cells in dermis of skin
b.Controlcenter
i.Hypothalamus
c.Effector
i.Sweat glands, blood vessels, and muscles(shivering)
ii.Evaporation of sweat cools body
iii.Vasodilation of blood vessels release heat into environment to lower
body temperature
SEBACEOUS VS SWEAT GLANDS
a.Both exocrine glands
a.Secrete substances intoducts
i.Through ducts to the surface of the skin
1.Sebaceousglands
a.Holocrineglandsi.Secretesebum
1.Oily mixture of lipids andproteins
b.Connected to hair follicles and secrete sebum through
hair pore
1.Sweatglands
a.Eccrine or apocrineglands
i.Eccrine glands: not connected to hairfollicles
1. Secrete saltysolution
2. Forehead, neck,back
3.Activated by elevated bodytemperature
ii.Apocrineglands
1. Secrete oily solution
2. Armpits, groin, palms, soles of feet
3. Activated by stress or anxiety [Show Less]