ATI Mental Health Final Study Guide 2022
Theories and Therapies
• Freud
o Psychoanalysis: therapeutic process pf assessing unconscious thoughts and
... [Show More] feelings and resolving conflict
Past relationships are the common focus
Disadvantage: lengthy
o Personality structure
Id: pleasure principle and reflex action (think hungry newborn crying)
Ego: problem solver and reality tester
Superego: moral component of personality
o Defense mechanisms and anxiety
Operate at an unconscious level
Defense mechanisms work by denying, falsifying, or distorting reality to make it less threatening
o Experience during the early stages of life determine how you react
Individuals’ lifetime adjustment patterns
Personality traits
o Transference vs countertransference
• Erikson
o 8 stages of development
Infancy (0-1 ½ yrs) – Trust vs mistrust
Early Childhood (1 ½ - 3 yrs) – Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Preschool (3-6 yrs) – Initiative vs guilt
School age (6-12 yrs) – Industry vs inferiority
Adolescence (12-20 yrs) – Identity vs role confusion
Early Adulthood (20-35 yrs) – Intimacy vs isolation
Middle Adulthood (35-65 yrs) – Generativity vs self-absorption
Later Years (65+ yrs) – Integrity vs despair
o Development model we use in the nursing assessment
o Helps to determine what types of nursing interventions are most likely to be effective
• Sullivan
o Foundation for Hildegard Peplau’s theory
o Purpose of all your client’s behavior is to get their needs met through interpersonal interactions and to reduce or avoid anxiety
o Proposed that the nurse-client relationship “facilitates forward movement” for the nurse and the client
o Process of nurse working with client is to:
Facilitate the client’s boundary management
Independent problem solving
Decision-making that promotes autonomy by modeling good behaviors and correcting bad behavior
• Hildegard Peplau
o Art of nursing
Provide care, compassion, and advocacy – enhance comfort and well-being
o Science of nursing
Application of knowledge to understand a broad range of human problems and intervene in relieving patient suffering and promote growth
o *** Preorientation, orientation, working, termination phase
o Determine level of client’s anxiety provide interventions to lower anxiety aim to improve patient’s ability to think and function
o Peplau established the foundation for the professional practice of psychiatric nursing, she also continued to enrich psychiatric nursing theory and work for the advancement of nursing practice throughout her career
• Ellis
o Rational-emotive behavior therapy
Aims to eradicate irrational beliefs
Recognize thoughts that are not accurate
• Beck
o Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Test distorted beliefs and change way of thinking; to reduce symptoms
Most common type of therapy used by therapists
Works under the premise that thoughts come before feelings and actions – therefor the therapist works to change maladaptive thoughts
Cognitive distortions: all-or-nothing thinking, over generalization, labeling, mental filter, disqualifying the positive, jumping to conclusion, [Show Less]