Normal neonate weight range
2,500 - 4,000g
Normal neonate length range
45 to 55cm
Normal neonate head circumference
32 to
... [Show More] 36.8cm
Normal neonate chest circumference
30 to 33cm
What is a passing APGAR score?
7-10
Preterm
anything before 37 weeks
Term
38-42 weeks
Postterm
anything over 42 weeks
What sequence are vitals to be taken on a newborn?
RR, HR, BP, and temp
Respiratory rate for a newborn
30-60/min
What is a normal length of apnea in a newborn?
15 sec
What are signs of newborn respiratory distress
grunting and nasal flaring
What is a normal newborn heart rate range?
100-160/min
What is a normal newborn blood pressure range?
Systolic: 60-80mmHg
Diastolic: 40-50mmHg
What is a normal newborn temperature range?
36.5-37.2
Posture of a newborn
-curled up position extremities flexed
-resistant to extension of extremities
Skin color
pink or acrocynotic with no jaundice present
Skin texture
dry, soft, and smooth
Desquamation
normal peeling of skin occurring a few days after birth
Vernix caseosa
protective, thick, cheesy covering found in creases and folds most commonly
Lanugo
fine downy hair usually found on pinnas, forehead, and shoulders
Milia
small raised white spots usually around the nose and mouth
Mongolian Spots
bluish purple spots of pigmentation usually found on the shoulders, back, and butt
Telangiectatic nevi
flat pink or red marks that easily blanch and are found on the back of the neck, nose and upper eyelids. Usually fade by second year of life
Nevus flammeus
capillary angioma below the surface of the skin that is purple or red, varies in shape or size. does not blanch or disappear
Erythema toxicum
pink rash that appears suddenly anywhere on the body during the first 3 weeks.
Head circumference
should be 2 to 3 cm larger than the chest circumference
Fontanels
should be soft and flat
Bulging fontanels
may indicate intracranial pressure, infection, or hemorrhage
Depressed fontanels
may indicate dehydration
Sutures
should be palpable and separated
Overlapping sutures
molding
Caput
localized swelling of the soft tissues of the scalp caused by pressure on the head. may cross over the suture line. resolves in 3-4 days
Cephalohematoma
collection of blood between periosteum and the skull bone. does not cross suture line. resolves in 2 to 3 weeks
When is permanent eye color established?
within 3-12 months
Why are baby cries tearless?
the lacrimal glands have not developed
If ears are low-set what can that be an indicator of?
down syndrome or a kidney disorder
Cartilage
should be firm and well formed
How long are babies obligated nose breathers for?
the first 3 weeks after birth
Signs of Down syndrome when assessing a baby
-eye placement too close or too far away
-low-set ears
-protruding tongue
-absence of head control
What shape should the chest be?
barrel-shaped
What size should the breast nodules be?
about 6mm
When should bowel sounds be heard?
present 1 to 2 hours after birth
What should the abdomen look like?
round, dome-shaped, and non distended
When should meconium and urine be passed
Within the first 24 hours after birth
sucking and rooting reflex
elicited by stroking cheek or edge of mouth and baby turns head to that side and starts to suck.
(birth to 4 months)
palmar reflex
elicited by placing finger into the newborn's palm.
(birth to 6 months)
plantar reflex
elicited touching the soles of the feet. toes curl downward. (birth to 8 months)
moro reflex
elicited by (dropping) the babies crib or lowering them from semisitting to 30degree angle and baby legs extend and abduct. (birth to 4 months)
startle reflex
elicited by clapping hands/loud noise. baby arms abduct ( birth to 4 months)
tonic neck reflex
elicited when baby head turned to a side, the extremities on that side extend ( birth to 4 months)
babinski reflex
elicited by stroking outer edge of sole of foot and toes will fan upward and out. (birth to 1 year)
stepping
elicited by holding newborn upright and touching feet to a flat surface. (birth to 4 months)
which part of the baby is most sensitive to touch?
the mouth
Hgb for newborn
14-24
Hct for newborn
44-64%
RBC for newborn
4,800 to 7,100,000
Leukocytes for newborn
9,000 to 30,000
Platelets in newborn
150,000 to 300,000
Glucose in newborn
40-60
Bilirubin in newborn
day 1: 0-6
day 2: 8 or less
day 3: 12 or less
How often should newborn vitals be taken?
every 30min x2
every 1 hour X 2
then every 8 hours
How often should newborn weight be checked?
daily, at the same time, with the same scale
What is the first period of reactivity?
newborn is alert, exploring activity, makes sucking noises, rapid hr and rr
(15-30 min after birth)
What is the period of relative inactivity?
newborn becomes quiet and begins rest and sleep. hr and rr decrease
(30 min to 2 hour after birth)
What is the second period of reactivity?
newborn reawakens, may gag or choke on mucus in mouth
(2 - 8 hour after birth)
how often should pain assessment be done on the baby?
every 8-12 hours
what is PKU
a defect in protein metabolism in which the accumulation of the amino acid phenylalanine can result in mental retardation
(tx in the first 2 months of life can prevent retardation)
Collecting blood samples on newborn:
-don clean gloves
-warm the heel
-cleanse the area and allow to dry
-lancet should not go further than 2.4mm into heel
-use gauze to stop bleeding
-hold and comfort newborn after procedure
Bradypnea in newborn
RR less than 25/min
Tachypnea in newborn
RR greater than 60/min
abnormal breath sounds
expiratory grunting, crackles, and wheezes
signs of respiratory distress
nasal flaring, retractions, grunting, and labored breathing.
Understanding the bulb syringe technique
-compress bulb before insertion
-insert into one side of the mouth (avoid middle of the mouth to prevent activating gag reflex)
-aspirate mouth, then one nostril, then the other nostril
what to monitor for hypothermia in newborn
-temp less than 36.5
-cyanosis
-increased RR
Four mechanisms of heat loss
conduction, convection, evaporation, radiation
conduction
loss of body heat from direct contact with cooler surface. [Show Less]