ATE 1211 Midterm Exam Review - Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) Where do you find the interstitial fluid in the body? Body cavities What is
... [Show More] the difference between mitosis and meiosis? Mitosis: 2 daughter cells produced o Meiosis: 4 daughter cells produced Function of a lysosome Digestion of ingested material in cell Which body compartment contains the greatest amount of water? Intracellular compartment Examples of the carbohydrates found in the cells Glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose What is the difference between passive and active channels in the plasma membrane? (with the ions) Passive: open o Active: gated What is the difference between excretion and secretion? Excretion: eliminate of waste substances by cells o Secretion: release of useful substances by cells What is the main function of mitochondria? Help in energy production What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism? Anabolism: building up process o Catabolism: broken down Which ions are found in the greatest amount outside the cells? Na & Cl What is a conjugative protein? Simple proteins combined with a non-protein part Type of RNA that carries the coded information from the nucleus to the ribosome mRNA Name 3 body fluid (water) compartments Intercellular o Intravascular o Interstitial Name the basic structural unit of a protein Amino acids Isotonic Same osmolality Hypotonic Lowers osmolality Hypertonic Greater osmolality Osmosis Movement of water across a membrane from one area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Which cells contain voltage regulated channels in their plasma membrane? Nerve cells (neurons) Inorganic substance that is found in hemoglobin Iron (Fe) What is the function of ribosomes? Help in protein synthesis What is irritability? Property of the cytoplasm that enables a cell to respond to stimulus Passive transport Particles move across the membrane from high to lower concentration Active transport Molecules move through a membrane against their concentrated gradient from lower to high concentration Atrophy Decrease in size of an organ than normal size Aplasia If any organ fails to develop completely The type of RNA that is the "reader" of the code in the RNA chain rRNA Structural protein help in building body structures Reactive protein needed for various biochemical reactions in the body Saturated contain double number of hydrogen atoms than carbon atoms and are connected by single bond Unsaturated contain less than double hydrogen atoms than carbon atoms and one or more carbon atoms are connected by a double bond Which ions are found in the greatest amount inside the cells? Potassium (K) & Phosphate ions What type of channels are located on plasma membranes on synapse? Chemically regulated channels What will happen to a cell that is dropped in hypotonic fluid? Cell will draw waters and swell Give a few examples of fluids that are isotonic and routinely used for fluid therapy in clinic practice Normal Saline o LRS o Nomrmasol-R Lipids are soluable in what solvents? Ether, xylene, chloform Metabolism Sum total of all biochemical reactions taking place in all the cells of the body Crystalloids Can dissolve in water Colloids Do not dissolve in water but can be suspended Diffusion Movement of dissolved particles across the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Type of RNA that carries a specific amino acid to the proper place to build an amino acid chain tRNA What will happen to a cell that is dropped in hypertonic fluid? Cell would lose water and would shrink Hypertophy Abnormal increase in size of a cell due to increase in its cytoplasm Hyperplasia Abnormal increase in size of a organ due to increase in number of cells Which part of the brain contains reflex centers for thinking and memorization? Cerebral cortex The autonomic nervous system controls the activity of what type of muscles in the body? Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system? To maintain the internal environment of the body (Yes or No) Does the speed of action potential remain constant in a given nerve fiber? Yes Why are cells in a state of resting potential? When the number of particles increases inside the cell, the osmotic pressure may rise and would draw more water inside the cell Repolarization Movement of K ions outside of the cell IPSP Hyperpolarization of membrane at synapse o Created by GABA and Glycine Synapse Junction between two neurons or a neuron and a muscle cell or neuron and glands Convergence When many neuronal axons are making synapse with one neuron Divergence When one neuronal axon is making synapse with many neurons (True or False) The synapse operates only in one direction True What is EPSP (excitatory post synaptic potential)? Partial depolarization of membrane on excitatory type synapse What is the trigger point or what change in resting potential voltage can trigger an action potential (nerve impulse)? -59 mV Action potential (nerve impulse) Movement of electric charges in and out of the membrane, that starts from the cell body and spreads throughout the length of nerve fiber What changes occur in the permeability of plasma membrane to initiate an action potential (nerve impulse)? Depolarization Saltatory conduction Jumping movement of current from node to node What are the factors that affect the speed of conduction in a nerve fiber? Diameter of the fiber and myelination Reflex centers for coughing, sneezing, respiration, vomiting, and swallowing are located in which part of the brain? Medulla oblongata Depolarization Movement of Na+ to inside of the cell making its inner side a little positive What ions first start moving inside the cell to depolarize it when a stimulus is applied? Na+ ions Which part of the brain contains reflex centers for locomotion and balance? Cerebellum Threshold stimulus A stimulus that can depolarize the resting membrane potential to a point that it can produce an action potential Why is the speed of conduction of an action potential faster in the myelinated nerve fibers as compared to unmyelinated nerve fibers? In myelinated fibers, the current jumps from node to node [Show Less]