APHY 101 Midterm Exam - Questions and Answers Cellular respiration the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from glucose; occurs in
... [Show More] mitochondria Products of cellular respiration carbon dioxide, water, and ATP, and heat (60%) Glycolysis the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid; occurs in cytosol Electron transport chain series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions Nucleotide building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Adenine (RNA) Uracil (RNA) mRNA messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome tRNA transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome Codon a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule Transcription synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template Translation decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain Mutation a random error in gene replication that leads to a change Epithelial tissue tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out; protection, secretion, absorption, excretion Connective tissue tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts; bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells Muscle tissue body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move; movement Nervous tissue body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain; coordination, regulation, integration, sensory reception Epithelial characteristics lack blood vessels, readily divide, cells are tightly packed; classified by shape and number of layers Simple one layer Stratified multiple layers Pseudostratified appears to have multiple layers does not Simple squamous forms thin serous membranes; a single layer of flattened cells; found in diffusion and filtration sites Simple cuboidal single layer of cube shaped cells; secretion and absorption; kidney tubules, some glands Simple columnar Single layer of tall cells; often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus; lines digestive tract Pseudostratified columnar lines much of the respiratory tract Stratified squamous lines the esophagus and forms the skin epidermis; protective layer [Show Less]