penicilins - ✔✔ Description: Aminopenicillonic acid derivatives; B lactam ring
Mode of Action: Prevents cell wall formation
Examples: Penicillin,
... [Show More] Ampicillin
Resistance: Inactivation.
Spectrum: Limited action against G -, semisynthetics broader
Clinical: Allergic reactions.
cephalosporins - ✔✔ Mode of Action: inhibit cell wall synthesis;
Spectrum: broad spectrum of activity; they contain a β-lactam ring, but are not subject to degradation by penicillinase;
Clinical: they can be given to some patients with penicillin allergies;
Examples: they include cephalothin, cefoxitin, and ceftriazone
aminoglycosides - ✔✔ Description: Amino sugar linked to cyclohexane ring
Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synth. act through interference with 30S
Examples: Streptomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamicin
Resistance: Inactivation.
Spectrum: Broad
Clinical: Deliver via IV, toxic to kidneys or auditory nerves
tetracycline - ✔✔ Description: Four ring structure with side chains
Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synth.
Examples: chlortetracycline, doxycycline
Resistance: Decreased permeability; antibiotic pumped out. EFLUX PUMP
Spectrum: Most broad and also effective against bacteria lacking cell walls
Clinical: Nausea, diarrhea, sensitivity to light, complexes with calcium.
macrolides - ✔✔ Description: 12-22 C lactone ring
Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synth. inhibit peptide chain elongation by binding rRNA
Examples: Erythromycin, Clindamycin
Spectrum: Gram + and few G-
Clinical: Nausea, mild GI pain, vomiting
cloroamphenicol - ✔✔ Description: p-nitrophenyl acetamide
Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synth.
Examples: Chloramphenicol
Resistance: Inactivation
Spectrum: Broad but only used against typhoid fever
Clinical: Traverses blood-brain barrier, 1 of 24,000 suffer aplastic anemia, can cause neurologic damage
sulfonamides - ✔✔ Description: p-Aminobenzoic acid analog
Mode of Action: Inhibits DNA replication; blocks folic acid metabolism in bacteria
Examples: Sulfisoxazole, Sulfmethoxazole
Resistance: Permeability altered, alternate enzyme manufactured.
Spectrum: Broad
Clinical:
quinolones - ✔✔ Description: 4 quinolone ring structure
Mode of Action: Inhibit DNA replication DNA gyrase or topoisomerase II
Examples: Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin
Resistance: Target Altered.
Spectrum: broad
Clinical: wide range of infection
Beta-lactams - ✔✔ inhibit the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan cell wall; used with beta-lactamase inhibitors; time dependent killing; include penicillin, cephalasporines, carbapenems, monobactams
Penicillin (PCN) - ✔✔ (beta-lactam subclass) derived from mold; our subgrouped based on structure and spectrum of bacteria killed; bactericidal antibiotics
Inhibits cell wall synthesis.
Types of PCN (4) - ✔✔ natural PCN, PCN-ase resistant PCN, aminoPCN, extended-spectrum PCN
What are some things that penicillin treat? - ✔✔ Hospital-associated infections, pneumonia, intraabdominal infections, and sepsis. [Show Less]