mesocortical pathway
executive function: attention, focus, depression
nigrostriatal pathway
from substantia nigra (brainstem) to striatum
... [Show More] (muscles): Parkinson's
mesolimbic pathway
projects to nucleus accumbens (part of limbic system). Pleasure, reward, positive symptoms of schizophrenia: Addiction, gambling
Tuberoinfundibular pathway
regulation of prolactin (acts on pituitary). Hypersexuality in mania
Dopamine
produced in substania nigra and VTA. D2 & D4 receptors most important. Elevated in the mesolimbic pathway associated with pleasure and psychosis. Antispychotics block dopamine. travels through mesocoritcal, mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and tuberinfundibular pathways
Serotonin
5-HT. produced in raphe nucleus. emotion, impulses, dreams. 5HT2A receptors = atypical antipsychotics.
Norepinephrine
produced in locus coeruleus. arousal and vigilance
GABA
inhibitory. produces calm in conjunction with benzodiazepines.
ACTH
motor control, learning, memory, sleep, and dreams. Helps with balance. Decrease in Alzheimer's disease
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)
CRH, ACTH, then cortisol. Worsens with stress and depression
hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT)
TRH, TSH, T4. Hypothyroid causes depression, weight gain, slow metabolism. Hyperthyroid is opposite.
hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG)
GnRH, FSH, LH. Malfunctions cause infertility problems.
gray matter
neurons are found
frontal lobe
executive function, voluntary movement, speech (Broca's area)
Temporal lobe
memory, cognition, speech, emotions (aka limbic area)
parietal lobe
receive and process sensory input
Wernicke's area
temporal and parietal lobes; speech
amygdala
fear response.
hippocampus
memory. Make up limbic system with amydgala
HIPAA
1. education about privacy protection, 2. access to own medical records, 3. request amendment to health information to which they object, 4. require permission for disclosure of medical issues
forensic nursing
based on crime committed and investigational aspects
correctional nursing
offender's current mental health and medical condition
research utilization process
critique, synthesize, apply, measure
PICO question
patient, intervention, comparison, outcome
internal validity
when the independent variable (treatment) caused a change in the dependent variable (outcome)
external validity
when the sample is representative of the population and the results can be generalized
descriptive statistics
used to describe the basic features of the data in the study
standard deviation
indication of the possible deviations from the mean
variance
how the values are dispersed around the mean - the larger the variance, the larger the dispersion of scores
inferential statistics
numerical value that enable one to reach conclusions that extend beyond immediate data alone - generated by quantitative research designs
t-test
assess whether means of 2 groups are statistically different from each other
ANOVA
analysis of variance - tests difference of 3 or more groups
Pearson's r-correlation
relationship between 2 variables
probability
0-1: likelihood of an event occurring
p value
level of significance: describes the probability of a particular result occurring by chance alone
HOPE
sources of hope, organized religion, personal spirituality, effects on medical care/end of life
OLDCARTS for HPI
onset, location, duration, character, alleviating/aggravating factors, radiation, time of occurrence, severity
Cranial Nerves
Olfactory, optic, ocular motor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, acoustic, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory spinal, hypoglossal
dysdiadochokinesia
inability to perform rapid alternating movements (finger to thumb), cerebellar lesion
astereognosis
inability to distinguish objects (such as paperclip) based on touch, parietal lesion
Free T4
0.8-2.8
TSH
0.4-0.5 - decreases when T3 & T4 are high, increases when T3 & T4 are low. Elevated in primary hypothyroidism. Values may decrease with aspirin, steroids, and heparin. Values may increase with lithium.
calcium
8.8-10.5. 99% found in bone. major cation for bones and teeth. higher in kids because of bone growth.
sodium
135-148
magnesium
1.3-2.1.
chloride
98-106
potassium
3.5-5.1. value decrease with lithium, diuretics. marijuana use can elevate K
ALT
5-35.
AST
5-40
GGT
gamma glutamyl transpeptidase - 10-38. Used to evaluate alcohol abuse because levels rise after only a small ingestion of alcohol.
teratogenic risks of benzodiazepines
floppy baby, cleft palate
teratogenic risks of tegretol
neural tube defects
teratogenic risks of lithium
Epstein anomaly
teratogenic risks of depakote
neural tube defects such as spina bifida
Rogers
Humanistic theory: person centered therapy
Beck
CBT
Lazarus
Behavioral therapy
Marsha Linehan
DBT
Frankle
Existentialism: reflection on life and encouragement of self-confrontation. "Why am I here? What is my purpose?"
Klerman and Weissman
Interpersonal therapy: time limited, problem focused
Shapiro
EMDR: used to treat PTSD
Yalom
Group therapy: 10 guiding principles for group
Bowen
Family systems theory
Minuchin
Structured family therapy
Satir
Experiential therapy: behavior is determined by personal experience. Focus is on being authentic
Haley
Strategic therapy: symptoms are metaphors and reflect problems in the hierarchal structure
deShazer, O'Hanlon, Berg
Solution-focused therapy: miracle questions, exception finding questions, scaling questions
PANDAS
pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with strep: consider with children who have OCD symptoms
schizophrenia
excess dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway and decreased dopamine in the mesocoritcal pathway. Excess glutamate, decreased GABA, decreased serotonin
atypical antipsychotics
D2 and 5HT2a blockade: treat both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Neuroleptic malignancy syndrome
Elevated CPK, elevated WBC, elevated LFT. Autonomic instability.
Bromocriptine (Parlodel) and dantrolene (Dantrium)
Treatment for NMS
DELIRIUM
drugs, electrolytes, low 02 sat, infection, reduced sensory input, intracranial, urinary, myocardial
Pick's Disease
frontotemporal dementia: more common in men, personality/behavioral changes in early stages, cognitive changes later
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
hypersexuality, hyperorality, and placidity
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
fatal, rapidly progressing, fatigue and flu like symptoms, cognitive impairment. Later aphasia, apraxia, emotional lability
Huntington's disease
subcortical type of dementia characterized by choreoathetoid movements
Lewy body disease
Lewy bodies in cortex, Parkinson's features, adverse reaction of antipsychoticsMeman
BUN
6-20
creatinine
0.6-1.2 [Show Less]