nonspecific ( innate immunity)
skin, mucous, body fluids
not specific recognition
chemical
- HCl in stomach, pH,
physiological
- body temp,
... [Show More] hormones, age
phagocytosis
- PMN, mono, macrocytes
nonspecific ( innate immunity)
non- antibody HUMORAL factors
chemotactic
properdin- complement activation ( alt path)
IFN; produced by viraly infected cells , protect adjacent cells
lactoferrin and transferrin; compete with bacteria for iron
lysozyme; makes bacteria susceptible to osmotic lysis
nonspecific ( innate immunity)
NK cells
not induced by exposure to antigen
10-15% lymphocytes in blood
cytotoxic to tumor and viral infec cells
viral, bacterial, parasitic infec
kill targets via perforins
respond to lymphokine stim
Specific immunity
exposure to immunogen
1ary and secondary immune response
specificity: react only with matching ( homologous) immunogen
Specific immunity naturally aq
after exposure to antigen, mother to kid also
Specific immunity artificially acq
vaccine
Specific immunity humoral
B cell mediated, production of immunoglobulins after transformation into plasma cells
Specific immunity cell mediated
T lymphocytes
triggers release of lymphokines
Lymphocytes
25-30% WBC
stem cells in bone marrow
mature in thymys or bone marrow ( T or B cells)
when activated, differentiate into effector cells ( antigen destruction) or memory cells
T cells
primary lymphocyte in blood and lymph
differentiation in thymus
protects against tumors, tuberculosis, viruses
important in transplant rejection
cell mediated immunity can be transfered to norm indiv from hypsersensitive person
regulate production of antibodies
may act directly with antigen
surface markers CD 2,3,4,8
T cells, lymphokines
specific sensitized T cells liberate proteins called lymphokines. these recruit macro, mono, PMN
B cells
indistinguishable from T cells in blood or marrow)
thymus independent, diff in marrow
short life span
humoral immunity can be transfered with serum
surface immunoglobulin serves as: antigen receptor, MHC 2 recog proteins, complement receptor, cell markers
during maturation, B cells acquire
a unique receptor and type of immunoglobulin
- preprogramed, doesnt require antigen activation
- stim and antibody response dependent upon antigen exposure
transforms into Ab secreting or plasma cells
Monocytes and macrophages
bone marrow
monocytes that migrate to tissue and mature- macrophages
innate, nonspec immunity
act on nonspecifically- phagocytosis on damage cells or tumors
antigen spec immunity; process antigen ( for T lymph) the presents to B cells
receptors for IgG and complement ( C3)
release cytokines
produce IFN
PMN WBC
precursors in bone marrow, mature there
1st cell to respond to immunological insult
phagocytosis and inflam response
MHC molecules
distinguish self from nonself
coded on chrome 6 ( role in organ and tissue transplant)
MHC class 1
interact with antigen receptors and CD8 ( cytotoxic) T cells
on nearly all nucleated cells
initiate immune response- virus or mutated genes in cancer cells
MHC class 2
on APCs
communicate with antigen receptor and T helper CD4
bind to frag antigens, present to T cells
leads to activation of B cells and Ab production
process of antigen stimulation of Ab production
- enter lymph area
- lymph and spleen can respond
- recog antigen, processed, bount to antigen sensitive lymphocyres by APC
- present to T cells CD4--> stim B cells
Antigens
proteins or polysach
MW over 1000, config and complex
reactive site for antibodies
- antigenic determinants; ab is not directed against macromolec as whole but restricted to portion
Homologous antigen
antigens that induces ab and specifically reacts with it [Show Less]