Define the terms "right-of-way" and "natural area".
-right-of-way: an area of land used (or adjacent to) areas of access, transportation or power. Could
... [Show More] include land used for electric power lines, pipelines, rialways, public roads, etc.
-natural areas: land being preserved or restored and managed for its natural or native features
Explain what determines whether a given plant is a weed.
-considered a weed when it interferes with what someone wants to do with the land it's growing on
-weeds = unwanted
List the 2 main goals of weed management
-minimize weed competition
-limit weed's reproduction so that you can still manage weed population in future years
Explain the terms "monocotyledon" and "dicotyledon."
-monocotyledon: one seed leaf (cotyledon); grasses and grass-like plants; fibrous root systems
-dicotyledon: two seed leaves (cotyledon); broadleaf plants; taproots
Distinguish grasses from broadleaf plants and herbaceous from woody plants.
-grasses: 1 cotyledon (not visible); narrow leaves w/ parallel veins; fibrous root system; reproduce by seed, stolons, or rhizomes; growing point is at or below soil surface
-broadleaf: 2 cotyledons; true leaves broad with net-like veins; tap root; growing point visible at tip of shoot; most reproduce by seed, but some have vegetative buds in crown or on taproot or use spreading roots; can be herbaceous or woody
-herbaceous: lack bark and usually aren't as large
-woody: vines, shrubs, trees; thickened layer of dense tissue (bark) on stem allows them to grow tall
Describe the life cycles of annual, biennial, and perennial plants and how they reproduce.
-annual: produce lots of seeds in single growing season; most troublesome in cultivated or disturbed areas; costly to control; seeds can remain dormant for years; summer annuals germinate in spring, flower/produce seed in summer, and die in late summer/fall + seeds overwinter; winter annuals germinate in fall, overwinter as low-growing plants, flower/produce seed in spring, and die
-biennial: live for 2 growing seasons; reproduce by seed; have rosette stage (1st year, cluster of leaves in crowded circles/spirals on soil surface) and in 2nd year they produce upright stems, flower, produce seed, and die
-perennial: live at least 2 years; reproduce by seed alone or also spread vegetatively (stolons, rhizomes, spreading roots, tubers, bulbs); if they germinate from seed usually don't flower 1st year; top-growth freezes back in winter; survival depends on underground vegetative structures; flower and seed following first year
Outline what is needed to kill annual, biennial, and perennial weeds and when it is easiest to do so.
-annual: must kill whole shoot; easiest to control when small; tillage or herbicide will kill and stop seed production; mowing not as effective because growing points may still be present but can at least prevent seed set
-biennial: must kill whole shoot (tillage or herbicide); best controlled w/ herbicides during rosette stage; mowing not as effective because may not remove all of the growing points; hand pulling or mowing reduce seed dispersal
-perennial: must destroy new growth repeatedly until it exhausts its underground food reserves; most effective way is to destroy underground structures through repeated tilling or a systemic herbicide
Know the Law: T/F. State and local laws require landowners to control certain weeds to prevent their spread.
True
Define the word pesticide and explain how the word difers from specific types of pesticides.
-Pesticide: any substance used to directly control pest populations or to prevent or reduce pest damage
-'pesticide' is broad and refers to the killing of any pests. insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide are specific.
Contrast the difference between organic and inorganic pesticides
-organic: most pesticides are this; most are synthetic; extremely effective; specific; principal focus of health/envtl concerns; commonly associated with problems of pesticide use/misuse
-inorganic: derived from minerals; silica aerogel, boric acid, borates, diatomaceous earth, copper, sulfur; some have been banned for health/envtl concerns; used mainly for plant diseases and algicides; non-specific and less effective than organics
Explain the term "mode of action" and how it relates to pesticide resistance
-mode of action: how the pesticide works to kill, or in some way harm the pest (example: photosynthesis inhibitor)
-relation to pesticide resistance: using pesticides with the same mode of action over and over again selects for pesticide resistance.
Compare selective and nonselective herbicides
-selective: only harm certain plants (but can harm nontarget plants under stressful weather conditions or if misapplied
-nonselective: toxic to most/all plants
Explain the term "persistence," and how it relates to a pesticide's performance and potential to cause environmental harm
-persistence: how long they remain active to control pests; i.e. residual activity
-highly persistent - control pests for longer, but higher risk of contamination
-low persistence - doesn't affect plant for as long but lower risk of contamination
Explain the difference between the different types of pesticide names.
-Active Ingredient: the part of product that has pesticide activity
-Trade Names: name given to commercial formulation of active ingredient; "brand"; sometimes same as common
-Common Names: active ingredients also have common name; appear on label on same line with or just before chemical name
-Chemical Names: active ingredient given chemical name; long, hard to pronounce
-common and chemical name always refer to specific active ingredient and don't change with brands. [Show Less]