A patient has a tendon strain, and there is a suspected large tear of the contractile unit. Which grade of tendon tear is most consistent with this informa... [Show More] tion? - Answer- Grade II is when a large portion of the contractile unit is torn but a segment is still intact.
Which statement is true regarding rheumatoid arthritis? - Answer- The majority of patients test positive for rheumatoid factor.
The process of converting painful stimuli into neuronal action potentials at the sensory receptor is termed: - Answer- Transduction is the process of converting painful stimuli into neuronal action potentials at the sensory receptor.
A patient is diagnosed with dementia. There has been an increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume, but no increase in intracranial pressure. What type of hydrocephalus is this patient demonstrating? - Answer- Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is caused by increased CSF volume but no increase in intracranial pressure.
Which statement is true regarding infectious (aseptic) arthritis? - Answer- The average duration of antibiotic therapy is 4 to 6 weeks.
Which of the following is true about ischemic stroke? (Select all that apply.) - Answer- Risk factors for ischemic stroke include atherosclerosis and hypercoagulable states.
Which statement is true regarding pain? - Answer- Nociceptor activity is transmitted by two types of neurons: myelinated A-δ fibers and unmyelinated C fibers.
What are the criteria for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis? (Select all that apply.) - Answer- The criteria for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis includes simultaneous symmetric swelling of joints, soft-tissue swelling of three or more joints, subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules, and morning stiffness in joints. The criteria includes swelling of at least one wrist (metacarpophalangeal or proximal interphalangeal) joint.
Which characteristic is a side effect of opioid pain medications? (Select all that apply.) - Answer- Nausea, vomiting, and constipation are side effects of opioids.
A 6-year-old boy presents with polyarthritis. His parents report no past medical history except for a sore throat 6 weeks previously. On physical examination, a murmur is noted. The assessment data support a diagnosis of - Answer- This child most likely has acute rheumatic fever. It most commonly affects those 5 to 20 years old. It is an inflammatory disease following β-hemolytic group A streptococcal pharyngeal infection. The incubation period is 2 to 6 weeks. Carditis is common in children. Rheumatoid arthritis commonly affects women, with a peak incidence in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Arthritis with Lyme disease can occur, but generally it affects the knee and a large effusion is present. This occurs secondary to a tick bite. Reiter syndrome is generally found after an infection of the gastrointestinal tract.
A recognized treatment option for migraine headaches includes certain of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) - Answer- Calcium channel blockers, antidepressants, α-blockers, and β-blockers are approved and used for migraine control. Potassium blockers are not an approved medication for migraine headache.
What are the early signs of Parkinson disease? (Select all that apply.) - Answer- The early signs of Parkinson disease include infrequent eye blinking and loss of facial expression. As the disease progresses, additional functional changes occur; these include drooling and micrographia (small handwriting). Advanced findings include low-volume, monotonous, and dysarthric speech.
Reiter syndrome is commonly characterized with - Answer- Prevalence of the HLA-B27 antigen in young Caucasian men has been found. Painless shallow ulcers may appear on the glans penis. Arthritis occurs 2 to 6 weeks after a gastrointestinal infection. Reiter syndrome consists of three clinical problems: arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis.
What is responsible for producing rheumatoid factor antibodies? - Answer- B cells produce rheumatoid factor antibodies against the IgG antigens to form the immune complex. In rheumatoid arthritis, the T lymphocytes and macrophages are activated by an unknown trigger. Tumor necrosis factor-α as well as other proinflammatory cytokines within the synovium also cause damage.
Which statement is true regarding wound repair? - Answer- The acute phase lasts 2 weeks. The subacute phase lasts 2 weeks. Macrophages play an important role in wound repair. A matrix of collagen, hyaluronic acid, and fibronectin develops. Lymphatics form in the matrix, preventing additional edema and assisting in infection prevention.
Which are a brainstem reflexes? (Select all that apply.) - Answer- The oculovestibular reflex, pupil light response, and corneal reflex are brainstem reflexes. Painful stimuli is generated from various parts of the body. Broca aphasia results from a lesion in the third frontal convolution of the left hemisphere in most persons.
The x-ray film shows a fracture where one side of the cortex is intact and flexed and the other side has signs of interruption (fracture). Which term best describes this type of fracture? - Answer- Greenstick fractures cause an incomplete break in the bone with the intact side of the cortex flexed. It usually occurs in children. Comminuted fractures present with more than one fracture line. Impacted fractures have one fragment driven into another. A stress fracture is a failure of one cortical surface of the bone, often caused by repetitive activity such as running.
A client is diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. Which assessment data support this diagnosis? (Select all that apply.) - Answer- Ankylosing spondylitis presents with back pain and has an onset in young men in their teens and early twenties. Physical examinations reveal a loss of the normal lordosis of the spine. It is common for men to present with back pain relieved by exercise. Gastrointestinal involvement is not typical.
Which finding regarding symptoms is consistent with dementia? - Answer- Dementia is a more insidious disease with progressive changes. Progressive deterioration of memory occurs. Changes in personality, behavioral changes, and cognitive changes also occur. Delirium, not dementia, is a global mental dysfunction and includes an abrupt onset, disturbed consciousness, and symptoms that may be worse at night.
Which symptom is most common in diabetic neuropathy? - Answer- Pain is the most common feature. Numbness, weakness, and tingling occur in diabetic neuropathy but to a lesser extent than pain.
An infant is born with a protrusion of a saclike structure in the lower portion of his back. What best describes this condition? - Answer- Spina bifida cystica is the condition in which there is an external protrusion of the saclike structure. Hydrocephalus is a condition caused by abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the cerebral ventricular system. Epileptogenic foci are areas of the brain from which the seizure emanates. Spina bifida occulta is if the condition is not visible and the posterior vertebral laminae have failed to fuse.
Which statement is true regarding acute pain? - Answer- Clinical signs and symptoms include increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. Generally it lasts less than 3 months, and short-term opioids may be helpful. Short-term opioids may be helpful. Clinical signs and symptoms are caused by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Which statement is true regarding intracranial pressure (ICP)? - Answer- The three main components of the cranium include cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue, and blood. Normal ICP is 0 to 15 mm Hg. Elevated ICP can occur in any type of acute brain injury, including trauma. The brain has the function of compliance in which it can accommodate small changes in volume without significant changes in pressure.
Which statement is true regarding ankylosing spondylitis? - Answer- Ankylosing spondylitis is more common in men and than in women. This disease is less severe in women. It is predominant in women in the peripheral joints. In men, it begins in the spine.
Which statement is true regarding systemic lupus erythematosus? - Answer- Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic, inflammatory disease. It affects African Americans and women more commonly. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multisystem disorder. It is characterized by exacerbations and then remissions.
When viewed on x-ray, the bone has a linear fracture that occurs in a straight line across the bone. Which term best describes this type of fracture? - Answer- A transverse fracture occurs in a straight line at approximately a 90° angle to the longitudinal axis of the bone. Spiral fractures are the result of rotational forces and cause an S-shaped fracture ar [Show Less]
