Which growth chart should be used for children 0 to 24 months of age?
WHO (World Health Organization).
Which growth chart should be used for childr... [Show More] en 2 to 20 years of age?
CDC (Center for Disease Control).
How long is exclusive breastfeeding recommended?
6 months.
Compared to breastfed infants, infants who are fed artificial infant milk are at increased risk of what things?
Otitis Media, Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, Diarrhea, Bacterial Meningitis and Sepsis.
Formula fed infants have an increased rate of what things?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, Post Neonatal Deaths and Hospitalizations, Atopic Dermatitis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Hodgkin's Disease, Asthma, Diabetes, Higher Rates of Obesity and Lower IQ Scores.
What are the unique components of human milk to protect the infant from infection?
Immune Cells, Immunoglobulins, Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Cytokines, Oligosaccharide's, Nucleotides, Hormones, Bioactive Peptides, Glycans and Lactoferrin.
True or False.
Human milk composition varies among mothers and is constantly changing depending on the time of day, the mother's diet, the stage of lactation, gestational age and whether it's the beginning or end of the feeding?
True.
What is the energy distribution of human milk?
50% Fat, 40-45% Carbohydrate and 6% Protein.
Does human milk contain cholesterol?
Yes, and this exposure may be significant for early programming and reduction of cholesterol synthesis later in life.
What is the primary carbohydrate of breast milk and where is it produced?
Lactose and it is produced in the mammary gland and enhances mineral absorption.
What 3 enzymes does human milk contain?
Amylase (carbohydrates), Protease (protein) and Lipase (fat).
Are the amounts of Zinc, Copper, Iron and Calcium in human milk related to maternal serum levels or dietary intake?
No, they do not appear to be related.
What is the milk called that is first produced?
Colostrum.
What thing are higher and lower in colostrum as compared to mature milk?
It is higher in protein and lower in fat and lactose.
Which vitamins and minerals are higher in colostrum than mature milk?
It is higher in Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Zinc and Vitamins A and E.
What percent water is human milk?
87%, therefore infants do not need other fluid aside from breast milk, even in hot weather.
Infants born between what weeks gestation may have feeding difficulties?
34 and 37 weeks gestation.
When evaluating the infant for failure to thrive, what should you look for?
Poor Intake (poor suck, infrequent feeds, structural abnormality), Low Net Intake (vomiting, diarrhea, malabsorption, infection), High Energy Requirement (neurologic disorders, congestive heart failure) and Low Output (<1 wet diaper per day if less than 6 days old or <6 wet diapers if older than 6 days old).
When evaluating the mother for failure to thrive, what should you look for?
Poor Production (anatomic, hormonal, nutritional, pharmacological, stress, illness, fatigue) and Poor Let Down (physiologic, pain, hormonal, pharmacological, smoking).
What day of life does bilirubin levels normally peak?
Day of Life 5. Physiological jaundice is common in infants in the first week of life. Breastfed infants may continue to have elevated unconjugated bilirubin levels into the 2nd and 3rd week of life.
What factor increases intestinal bilirubin absorption in breastfed infants?
Starvation Jaundice, which results from poor intake.
What are the contraindications to breastfeeding?
Galactosemia, Maternal active untreated TB, Maternal human T-lymphotropic virus type I or II positive, HIV, Mother's receiving diagnostic or therapeutic radioactive isotopes, Mother's receiving antimetabolites or chemotherapeutic agents, Mother's using drugs of abuse and Mother's with herpes simplex lesion on the breast or near the nipple.
What are not contraindications to breastfeeding?
Mother's who are Hepatitis B surface Antigen Positive, Mother's who are infected with Hepatitis C, Mother's who are febrile, Mother's exposed to low level environmental chemical agents, Mother's who are sero-positive carriers of cytomegalovirus, Mother's who use tobacco, Mother's who drink alcohol and Infants with jaundice.
What types of medications may reduce milk production?
Estrogen, Progestin, Ethanol, Bromocriptine, Ergotamine, Cabergoline, Pseudoephedrine, Testosterone, Antiestrogen and Clomiphene.
How long are mother's advised to wait before breastfeeding after consuming a unit of alcohol (12 oz beer, 6 oz wine, 1.5 oz liquor)?
2 to 3 hours.
What is included in the nutrition assessment of the breastfed infant?
Birth History, Anthropometric Measurements, Physical Findings, Diet History, Breastfeeding Assessment and Infant Risk Factors for Lactation Problems.
What is included in the nutrition assessment of the lactating mother?
Medical and Reproductive History, Birth Events, Maternal Medication and Psychosocial History.
True or False.
Healthy breastfed infants typically gain weight faster than formula fed infants in the first few months of life and than gain weight more slowly during the remainder of infancy?
True.
Are there any vitamin or mineral supplements needed for breastfed infants?
None aside from Vitamin D (for all infants) and Iron (for premature infants).
At what age should Fluoride be supplemented if the infant is at high risk for dental carries or the water is not fluoridated?
6 months.
What is complementary feeding?
The process of introducing liquids and foods other than breast milk into the infants diet to meet nutrition needs when breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to do so.
What is the adequate intake of fat for infants less than 1 year of age?
30 grams per day, which is based on the intake of healthy, breastfed infants. [Show Less]
