Which types of tissue most often develop tumors?
Epithelial and connective tissues
What are the following benign tumors?
Papilloma - A
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Lipoma - begins in the fatty tissue
Myoma - Fibroid
Chondroma - Tumor of cartilage cells
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What are sarcomas?
They are tumors that can be found anywhere and begin in connective tissue
What are the early signs of lymphoma
Fevers and night sweats
What is radiation therapy
When seeds are implanted into a malignant prostate and then irradiated, this is called radiation therapy. This is used to reduce damage to healthy tissue
Name what is a vesicle, pustule, macule, papule, excoriation
Vesicle - Small fluid filled elevation of skin (e.g. blister)
Pustule - (elevation of the skin containing white blood cells and cell debris)
Macule - A spot that is not raised or depressed. (such as a freckle)
Papule - A firm raised area of the skin (such as a pimple)
Excoriation (scratch in the skin)
Define the following:
Laceration
Fissure
Ulcer
Superficial burn
Superficial partial thickness burn
Laceration - Rough jagged wound
Fissue - Crack in the skin
Ulcer - Store with disintegration and death of affected tissue
Superficial burn involves the epidermal layer of the skin
Superficial partial thickness burn appears with blisters and pain at the burn site
What are shingles and how are they treated
Shingles are painful vesicular lesions caused by varicella. The normal treatment is antiviral medications and costicosteroids to decrease pain.
What is Tissue destruction involving only the epidermal layer of the skin
superficial.
What are two signs of allergic skin reactions
Pruritus (itching) and urticarial (hives)
What are three autoimmune diseases involving the skin?
Pemphigus, scleroderma and lupus erythematosus are all autoimmuse diseases involving the skin.
Damage to what can disturb equilibrium?
Semicircular canals in the ear
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How can otitis media be prevented?
By placing a myingotomy tube in the ear
What results in progressive hearing loss?
Presbycusis
What can alleviate age-related hearing loss?
Speaking in clear, low-pitched tones
What are treatment of joint disorders
FALK (fixation of screws, arthrocentesis, laproscopic repairs, kyoplasty)
What are the different types of arthritis
(GROS) Gout - higher levels of uric acid form crystals that accumulate in the joints, causing pain and inflammation.
• Septic arthritis - may result from an invasive procedure; invading organisms are usually carried to the joint by the blood stream.
• Osteoarthritis - most often in weight-bearing joints, like hips and knees; may be the results of aging and repeated trauma.
• Rheumatoid arthritis - inflammation and overgrowth of synovial fluid causes severe pain; joints stiffen and become useless.
What is mysathenia gravis?
chronic muscular fatigue caused by defect at the neuromuscular junction.
How is GERD treated?
Antacids and using medication that decreases the production of HCL
What characterizes chronic pancreatitis
Severe pain and blood test shows elevated serum amylase. Pancreatitis impacts the digestive process by leading to enzyme imbalances
How do you test for viral hepatitis
Testing blood serology
What is required for blood clotting?
Vitamin K
What type of reaction would arise if a RH negative patient experiences a second exposure to RH positive blood?
An Antigen-antibody reaction could arise if a Rh negative patient experiences a second exposure to Rh positive blood
What are blood diseases
(HALT) Hemophilia (bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of a clotting factor), Aplastic anemia (bone mare failure decreased red cell production), Leukemia (increase in WBC), Thalassemia (hereditary disorders causing impaired hemglobin synthesis)
What are three recommendations for the treatment of hypertension?
• Diet modification
• Prescribed diuretics
• Exercise on a regular basis
What does H. pylori cause?
Gastrointestinal disorder called peptic ulcer
What is shock
Confusion, anxiety, hypertension
What is atrophy
Decrease in the size of a muscle due to disuese
What are strains vs sprains
Strains pain and stiffness by overuse
Sprains pain and swelling by tearing of ligaments
What is muscular dystrophy
Deterioration of muscles that have intact nerve function
What are strong, painful muscle contractions
cramps
How do you describe shoulder joint dislocation
Acuetly painful in the arm and chest area and often results in the arm being longer than the mate
What might cause abdominal pain and elevated bilirubin?
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Amylase, lipase for trypsin, nucleases
Digests starch, digest nucleic acids, digest fats, digests protein
How can hepatitis be diagnosed
serology and serum chemistry are used for diagnosis
What are two signs of hepatitis
Jaundice and loss of appetite are two signs of hepatitis
What two diseases may require blood trasnfusions
Leukemia and pernicious anemia
If a mothers RH is negative and fathers RH is positive then what may result
RH incompatibility
What directly impairs the delivery of oxygen to body tissues
Is an effect of anemia
What inhibits coagulation of the blood
Vitamin K deficiency
What are characterized by pain and swelling, warmth and redness around the site or location and is typically diagnosed by an ultrasound or MRI.
Thrombosis or blood clots
What do calcium-channel blockers do?
help to control hypertension by inhibiting calcium ions from entering cardiac muscle cells.
How are epidemics defined
Epidemics are defined by age, gender, heredity, living conditions, social habits and preexisting illnesses.
What are treatments for frequent otitis media and chronic sore throat?
Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
What are three pathological responses of the lymphatic system
elephantiasis, splenomegaly, and infectious mononucleosis
What has the best survival rates for multiple myeloma
Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant have the best survival rates
What do self antigens trigger
autoimmune hypersensitivity triggers those
How are myocardial infarctions diagnosed?
ECG readings, troponin levels, and creatine kinase levels.
Increased blood flow does what
Backups up into pulmonary circulation and causes shortness of breath
How can Atherosclerosis be diagnosed
by a lab test known as CRP.
What are signs of congestive heart failure
increased fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema of extremities.
What can be exemplified by frequent fainting, low blood pressure and low body temperature.
hypotension
What is a cause of lower extermity edemy and elevated blood pressure
Renin
What are the different respiratory breathing patterns?
• Kussmaul- deep rapid respirations characteristic of acidosis as seen in diabetic patients.
• Hyperpnea- an abnormal increase in the depth and rate of breathing.
• Dyspnea- a subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing.
What can often improve and prolong the quality of life for those with COPD.
External oxygen
What can slow or reverse the progression of COPD
smoking cessation
What is characterized by damaged areas on the nerve conducting cells slowing the transmission of nerve impulses
Multiple sclerosis
What is used record a human's brain waives to diagnose neurologic diseases.
EEG
What is used to view pictures of tissue and bones of the brain and surrounding areas.
CT
Meningitis can be characterized
Characterized by headache, stiff next, nausea, and vomiting.
How is Renal colic treated
pain analgesics
What is manifestation of uncontrolled diabetes and alcoholism and shows itself in pain and numbness of the extremities
peripheral neuropathy
An accumulation of excess fluid in a patient with chronic renal failure promotes what?
hypertension
How is Parkinson's disease treated
dopamine replacement therapy.
What is a surgical procedure aimed at shattering renal calculi.
Lithotripsy
White blood cells in the urine is indictative of pyuria
Pyuria is indiactive because of that
If a patient is suffering from chronic renal failure, vomiting and fatigue, the recommended treatment is
Hemodialysis
What can be a cause of hypertension for a patient with chronic renal failure.
Sodium retention
The principle behind kidney dialysis is
that molecules move from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration.
Kidney dialysis is intended to
remove urea from the blood and to remove nitrogenous waster products from the blood.
Low cardiac output can
strain the kidney and lead to organ dysfunction.
Diabetes mellitus is defines as
disease process in which there is a hyposecretion of the insulin hormone.
Ketones are abnormal constituents of urine that indicate
diabetes mellitus or starvation.
Type 2 diabetes is best tested by
hemoglobin A 1.c. and fasting blood glucose.
Hypothyroidism is characterized by
lethargy, irritability, difficulty eating, and dry hair and skin.
is a treatment of anemia in someone with chronic renal failure.
Erythopoietin
A child with impaired cognitive function MAY HAVE
thyroxine and triodothryrone deficiencies.
Increased production of the parathyroid hormone causes
Calcium is released from the bone due to it
Medications to suppress thyroid function are necessary if a patient presents
with exophthalmos, strained appearance to the face, extreme nervousness, and a goiter.
What is a hormone given to augment labor?
Pitocin
What is often accompanied by skeletal fractures
Hyperparathyroidism is
How can Testicular torsion be diagnosed
H&P
How is gonorrhea diagnosed
Testicular torsion
Benign prostatic hypertrophy is treated by
laser and ultrasound and by transurethral prostatectomy when urinary function is threatened.
What can inhibit a females ability to conceive
Weight, menstrual history, and the degree of athleticism
Menopause is described as
as a lack of menses for 6 months.
What are two disorders that may occur during pregnancy
placenta previa and gestational diabetes.
vaginal secretions of yellow or green frothy vaginal discharge means what
Trichomoniasis
Hypertension and proteinuria can mean what
Eclampsia and toxema [Show Less]