Describe how your body responds to an infection.
T cells produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies.
Identify role of
... [Show More] DNA changes in congenital abnormalities.
Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities
How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities?
Alterations of DNA
Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing.
(ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias.
Explain RAAS
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
> produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II > vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water > Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained.
DKA
increased anion gap, decreased HCO3
How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis
retain H and excrete HCO3
Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte?
Potassium
West Nile Virus
Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck
Lyme disease
Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
Erythema infectiosum
a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease"
Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____.
Spina bifida
Trousseau's sign
arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia
Cause and sign of spina bifida
results from failure of neural tube to close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back.
hemophilia is more common in
males
Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes
ND-PAE, decreased brain function, FAS
Connective vs muscle tissue disorders
Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus
Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia
Describe Lupus
Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain and butterfly rash
Describe Myasthenia Gravis
It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing.
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
eczema
noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching
decubitus ulcer
sore caused by lying down for long periods of time
Fungal infections
superficial, localized skin conditions or deep tissue infections caused by exposure to spores
may or may not be transmitted
benign neoplasm
noncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders
malignant neoplasm
uncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular borders, spreads
Osteoporosis
The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.
osteomalacia
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
myoglobin
red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells
Bursa
fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
Rickets
a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones
Degenerative disk disease
A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging
Paget disease
Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull
communiuted fracture
splintered into many pieces
Three types of skin cancer
1. Basal cell carcinoma
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
3. Melanoma
basal cell carcinoma
Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on face due to sun exposure
squamous cell carcinoma
Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm nodules.
Melanoma
The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at highest risk, usually black or brown lesion
consequences when integumentary system is disrupted
impaired immunity
types of burns
Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful
Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet/pink/painful
Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white/swollen/no pain
Viltigo
localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA
ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood
subdural hematoma
collection of blood under the dura mater
Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease
Alz - affects language and memory
Park - affects all executive functioning
Huntington's disease
Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement
Sclerosis
abnormal condition of hardening
disorders that cause vision loss
glaucoma - loss of pheripheral vision, cataracts - cloudy vision, retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision
kyphosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.
disorders that cause hearing loss
Meniere's disease - changes in fluid in tube of inner ear (imbalance and vertigo), Otitis media - middle ear infection
Predisposing factors of ischemic stroke
a fib, carotid stenosis, cerebral arteriosclerosis
rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. Causes elevated WBC counts.
cerebral contusion
the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull; symptoms: ringing in ears, severe headache, n/v.
TIA vs CVA
TIA =
-result when a cerebral artery is temp blocked and decreases blood flow to brain
Stroke= artery completely blocked
leading to death of brain and permanent loss of certain functions
multiple sclerosis
A chronic, irreversible disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech
aneurysm
ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
thrombus vs embolus
Thrombus = clot in arteries
embolus = dislodged traveling clot in arteries, blocks blood flow
Artherosclerosis
Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol plaques
1.endothelial injury
2.foam cell formation
3.fatty streak formation
angina pectoris
chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
myocardial infarction
the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)
endocaritis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
peridcarditis
inflammation of the pericardium (sack surrounding heart)
benign vs malignant hypertension
benign - "essential hypertension", chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention.
malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release
communicable disease
A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another.
infectious disease
A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.
myocardial infarction causes damage to
arteries of : brain, retina, heart, kidneys.
what is expected in right sided heart falure
JVD
what characterizes hypertensive crisis
systolic BP > 180
types of anemia
- Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC production)
- Iron Deficiency
- Folic Acid Deficiency
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious
- Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced)
- Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs)
Where does cancer originate from in leukemia?
bone marrow
CD4 cells
Helper T cells that mature in thymus that active B cells to create immunity
Hodgkin's lymphoma
distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
Lymphocytosis
abnormal increase in lymphocytes, asymptomatic
Stable angina
predictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin
Upper respiratory tract infection
common cold, laryngitis, croup, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis
lower respiratory tract infection
pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis
conditions that lead to COPD
smoking, asthma, dust, chemicals, genetics
pnemonia
an inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals. Hear crackles and rhonchi.
Asthma
treatment resistant bronchospasm, same category of COPD
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
cor pulmonale
right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease
Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis
Carbon dust, seen in coal miners. Massive exposure leads to diffuse fibrosis('black lung')
common characteristics of chronic digestive system disorders
(Celiac, Chron's, Colitis...) Abdominal pain, weight loss, changes in urination/bowel movements, bleeding, diarrhea, n/v....
common characteristics of acute digestive system disorders
(GERD, IBS, Hiatal hernia...) Abd pain, bleeding, bloating, diarrhea, heartburn, n/v
pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection (commonly E. Coli)
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys from injury or illness
renal calculi (kidney stones)
-Minerals in urine crystallize
-Most can pass, but some become too big and obstruct a ureter
renal cell carcinoma
cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; flank pain, hematuria, abd lump
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival. Symptoms: n/v, fatigue, change in urination, chest pain, HTN, AMS
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)
method used to replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient's blood through a hemofilter and returning it to the patient. benefit over other dialysis - happens 24 hrs/ day > slower shift in electrolytes
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers - autoimmune and inflammatory bowel diseases
Diverticulitis
inflammation of a diverticulum, especially in the colon, causing pain and disturbance of bowel function. Relieved by bowel movement, advise against enema and colonoscopy.
organ targeted by virus that causes hep c
liver
Hepatisis A,B,C,D,E spreads
A and E - fecal/oral
BCD - blood, bodily fluids
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones (RUQ pain radiates to back)
GERD cause
failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to close
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas, can be cause by gallstone blocks common bile duct
Chron's disease
A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract, chronic symptoms: diarrhea, sores, fistula, weight loss [Show Less]